Étienne Méhul | |
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fr.jpg) Méhul in 1799 | |
| Born | 22 June 1763 Givet, France |
| Died | 18 October 1817 (aged 54) Paris, France |
Étienne Nicolas Méhul (French:[etjɛnnikɔlameyl]; 22 June 1763 – 18 October 1817) was a French composer of the lateclassical and earlyromantic periods. He was known as "the most important opera composer in France during theRevolution".[1] He was also the first composer to be called a "Romantic".[2] He is known particularly for hisoperas, written in keeping with the reforms introduced byChristoph Willibald Gluck andWolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Méhul was born atGivet inArdennes to Jean-François Méhul, a wine merchant, and his wife Marie-Cécile (née Keuly). His first music lessons came from a blind local organist. When he showed promise, he was sent to study with a German musician and organist,Wilhelm Hanser [de], at the monastery of Lavaldieu, a few miles from Givet. Here Méhul developed his lifelong love of flowers.[3]
In 1778 or 1779 he went to Paris and began to study withJean-Frédéric Edelmann, aharpsichord player and friend of Méhul's idolChristoph Willibald Gluck. Méhul's first published composition was a book of piano pieces in 1783. He also arranged airs from popular operas and by the late 1780s he had begun to think about an operatic career for himself.
In 1787, the writer Valadier offered Méhul one of his libretti,Cora, which had been rejected by Gluck in 1785.[4] The Académie royale de musique (theParis Opéra) put Méhul's work, under the titleAlonzo et Cora, into rehearsal in June 1789. However, the rehearsals were abandoned on 8 August, probably because the Opéra had been suffering severe financial difficulties throughout the 1780s, and the opera was not premiered until 1791.[5] In the meantime, Méhul found an ideal collaborator in the librettistFrançois-Benoît Hoffman, who provided the words to the first of Méhul's operas to be performed,Euphrosine. Its premiere in 1790 was an immense success and marked the composer out as a new talent. It was also the start of his long relationship with the Comédie Italienne theatre (soon to be renamed theOpéra-Comique).
In spite of the failure ofCora in 1791 and the banning ofAdrien for political reasons the year after that, Méhul consolidated his reputation with works such asStratonice andMélidore et Phrosine. During theFrench Revolution, Méhul composed many patriotic songs and propaganda pieces, the most famous of which is theChant du départ. Méhul was rewarded by becoming the first composer named to the newly foundedInstitut de France in 1795. He also held a post as one of the five inspectors of theConservatoire de Paris. Méhul was on friendly terms withNapoleon and became one of the first Frenchmen to receive theLégion d'honneur.
Méhul's operatic success was not as great in the first decade of the nineteenth century as it had been in the 1790s, although works such asJoseph (1807) became famous abroad, particularly in Germany. The failure of his operaLes amazones in 1811 was a severe blow and virtually ended his career as a composer for the theatre. Despite his friendship with Napoleon, Méhul's public standing survived the transition to theBourbon Restoration intact. However, the composer was now seriously ill withtuberculosis and he died on 18 October 1817.[6] His grave is atPère Lachaise Cemetery, near the grave of the composerFrançois Joseph Gossec.
In 1797 Méhul adopted his seven-year-old nephew, composerJoseph Daussoigne-Méhul, and Joseph's younger brother. He played a major role in his nephew's musical education and career; counting him among his pupils at the Conservatoire de Paris. After his death, Daussoigne-Méhul completed Méhul's unfinished operaValentine de Milan which premiered at theOpéra-Comique in 1822. He also wrote new recitatives for his operaStratonice in 1821 for a revival of that work in Paris.[7]
Méhul's most important contribution to music was his operas. He led the generation of composers who emerged in France in the 1790s, which included his friend and rivalLuigi Cherubini and his outright enemyJean-François Le Sueur. Méhul followed the example of the operas whichGluck had written for Paris in the 1770s and applied Gluck's "reforms" toopéra comique (a genre which mixed music with spoken dialogue and was not necessarily at all "comic" in mood). But he pushed music in a moreRomantic direction, showing an increased use of dissonance and an interest in psychological states such as anger and jealousy, thus foreshadowing later Romantic composers such asWeber andBerlioz. Indeed, Méhul was the first composer to be styled a Romantic; a critic used the term inLa chronique de Paris on 1 April 1793 when reviewing Méhul'sLe jeune sage et le vieux fou.[8]
Méhul's main musical concern was that everything should serve to increase the dramatic impact. As his admirer Berlioz wrote:
[Méhul] was fully convinced that in truly dramatic music, when the importance of the situation deserves the sacrifice, the composer should not hesitate as between a pretty musical effect that is foreign to the scenic or dramatic character, and a series of accents that are true but do not yield any surface pleasure. He was convinced that musical expressiveness is a lovely flower, delicate and rare, of exquisite fragrance, which does not bloom without culture, and which a breath can wither; that it does not dwell in melody alone, but that everything concurs either to create or destroy it – melody, harmony, modulation, rhythm, instrumentation, the choice of deep or high registers for the voices or instruments, a quick or slow tempo, and the several degrees of volume in the sound emitted.[9]
One way in which Méhul increased dramatic expressivity was to experiment with orchestration. For example, inUthal, an opera set in theHighlands of Scotland, he eliminated violins from the orchestra, replacing them with the darker sounds of violas in order to add local colour.[10] Méhul'sLa chasse du jeune Henri (Young Henri's Hunt) provides a more humorous example, with its expanded horn section portraying yelping hounds as well as giving hunting calls. (SirThomas Beecham frequently programmed this piece to showcase theRoyal Philharmonic horn section.)
Méhul's key works of the 1790s wereEuphrosine,Stratonice,Mélidore et Phrosine andAriodant.[11]Ariodant, though a failure at its premiere in 1799, has come in for particular praise from critics.Elizabeth Bartlet calls it "Mehul's best work of the decade and a highpoint of Revolutionary opera".[12] It deals with the same tale of passion and jealousy as Handel's 1735 operaAriodante. As in many of his other operas, Mehul makes use of a structural device called the "reminiscence motif", a musical theme associated with a particular character or idea in the opera. This device looks forward to theleitmotifs inRichard Wagner's music dramas. InAriodant, the reminiscence motif is thecri de fureur ("cry of fury"), expressing the emotion of jealousy.[12]
Around 1800, the popularity of such stormy dramas began to wane, replaced by a fashion for the lighteropéra comiques of composers such asFrançois-Adrien Boieldieu. In addition, Mehul's friend Napoleon told him he preferred a more comic style of opera. As aCorsican, Napoleon's cultural background was Italian, and he loved theopera buffa of composers likePaisiello andCimarosa. Méhul responded withL'irato ("The Angry Man"), a one-act comedy premiered as the work of the Italian composer "Fiorelli" in 1801. When it became an immediate success, Méhul revealed the hoax he had played.[13] Méhul also continued to compose works in a more serious vein.Joseph, based on the Biblical story ofJoseph and his brothers, is the most famous of these later operas, but its success in France was short-lived. In Germany, however, it won many admirers throughout the nineteenth century, including Wagner.[14] A melody fromJoseph is very similar to a popular folk melody widely known in Germany which was used as a song in theImperial German Navy, and adapted, notoriously, as the tune for the co-national anthem ofNazi Germany, theHorst-Wessel-Lied. It is unclear, however, whether Méhul's melody was the actual provenance of the melody.[15]
Besides operas, Méhul composed a number of songs for the festivals of the republic (often commissioned by the emperor Napoleon),cantatas, and five symphonies in the years 1797 and 1808 to 1810.
Mehul's First Symphony (1808) is notable for its dissonant and violent mood, and has been compared toBeethoven'sSymphony No. 5, written in the same year. Taking inspiration from the more anguished works ofHaydn andMozart, such as Haydn'sSturm und Drang and later Paris Symphonies of 1785–86 andMozart'sSymphony No. 40 (K. 550, 1788), it was revived in one ofFelix Mendelssohn's concerts with theLeipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra in 1838 and 1846 to an audience includingRobert Schumann, who was impressed by the piece.[16] (At the time of writing, only Beethoven's Symphonies Nos. 1 and 2 [1799/1800 and 1802] had been performed in France.) His other symphonies also followed German and Austrian models. Commenting after the premiere of his first symphony, he noted: "I understood all the dangers of my enterprise; I foresaw the cautious welcome that the music-lovers would give my symphonies. I plan to write new ones for next winter and shall try to write them… to accustom the public gradually to think that a Frenchman may follow Haydn and Mozart at a distance."
A fifth symphony was never completed—"as disillusionment and tuberculosis took their toll", in the words of David Charlton. The Symphonies Nos. 3 and 4 were only rediscovered by Charlton in 1979. Interviewed 8 November 2010 on theBBC Radio 4'sToday programme, Professor Charlton said that Méhul's 4th Symphony was the first ever to employ thecyclical principle.
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