Saint Æthelwold | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Winchester | |
 King Edgar seated between St. Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. From an eleventh-century manuscript of the Regularis Concordia. | |
| Appointed | 29 November 963 |
| Term ended | 1 August 984 |
| Predecessor | Beorhthelm of Winchester |
| Successor | Ælfheah II |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 29 November 963 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | between 904 and 909 |
| Died | 1 August 984 |
| Denomination | Christian |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 1 August 19 May(POCSP) |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church[1] Eastern Orthodox Church[2] Anglican Church[3] |
Æthelwold of Winchester (alsoAethelwold[4] andEthelwold,[5] 904/9 – 984) wasBishop of Winchester from 963 to 984 and one of the leaders of the tenth-centurymonastic reform movement inAnglo-Saxon England.
Monastic life had declined to a low ebb in England in the ninth century, partly because of the ravages caused byViking attacks, and partly because of a preference forsecular clergy, who were cheaper and were thought to serve the spiritual needs of the laity better. Kings fromAlfred the Great onwards took an interest in theBenedictine rule, but it was only in the middle of the tenth century that kings became ready to commit substantial funds to its support. Æthelwold became the leading propagandist for themonastic reform movement, although he made enemies by his ruthless methods, and he was more extreme in his opposition to secular clergy than his fellow reformers,Saint Dunstan andOswald of Worcester. He is nevertheless recognised as a key figure in the reform movement, who also made a major contribution to the revival of learning and the arts. He was an important political figure, backingÆthelred the Unready againstEdward the Martyr, and playing a major advisory role during Æthelred's minority.[6][7]
Æthelwold was born to noble parents inWinchester.[6] From the late 920s he served in a secular capacity at the court ofKing Athelstan, and according to Æthelwold's biographer,Wulfstan, "he spent a long time in the royal burh there as the king's inseparable companion, learning much from the king's witan that was useful and profitable to him".[8] The king arranged for him to be ordained a priest byÆlfheah the Bald, Bishop of Winchester, on the same day as SaintDunstan. After a period in the late 930s studying under Ælfheah at Winchester, Æthelwold moved toGlastonbury Abbey, where Dunstan had been made abbot. Here Æthelwold studied grammar, metrics and patristics, subsequently being madedean. During the reign ofKing Eadred (946–955), Æthelwold wished to travel to Europe to learn more about the monastic life, but Eadred refused permission, and instead appointed him abbot of the former monastic site ofAbingdon Abbey, which was then served by secular priests.[6] The years he spent in Abingdon were extremely productive, and he undertook the building of a church, the rebuilding of the cloister and the establishment at Abingdon of theBenedictine Rule.[9]
When Eadred died, he was succeeded by his nephew,Eadwig, who drove Eadred's chief advisor, Dunstan, into exile. However, Æthelwold attended Eadwig's court in at least some of the years of his reign, 955–59. The futureKing Edgar had been taught from boyhood by Æthelwold, who evidently inspired his pupil to take an interest in the rule ofSaint Benedict. When Eadwig died, Æthelwold naturally backed Edgar's succession.[10] He seems to have been in the personal service of King Edgar in 960–963, as he wrote many of the charters of this period.[6]
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On 29 November 963, Æthelwold was consecrated Bishop of Winchester, and the following year, with the connivance of King Edgar and the support of an armed force led by a royal official, he had the clerics of the Winchester Old and New Minsters expelled and replaced by monks from Abingdon. The king had sought the permission of the pope for the expulsion the previous autumn. Between 964 and 971, Æthelwold refounded monasteries at Chertsey, Milton Abbas, Peterborough, Ely and Thorney, and the Nunnaminster nunnery in Winchester. He was also zealous in recovering land which he believed had once belonged to religious communities and subsequently been alienated, and if necessary charters were forged to prove claims to title.[6]
Æthelwold was one of the principal advocates for theBenedictine reform movement during Edgar's reign, the author of all the major works of propaganda produced in England. He had the strong support of Edgar and his wife,Ælfthryth, and his works emphasise the role of Edgar, who he saw as Christ's representative, in restoring the monasteries. He envisaged a major role for Edgar in supervising monasteries, and for Queen Ælthryth supervising Benedictine nunneries.[11] However, he was more extreme in his espousal of monasticism than Dunstan and Oswald, the other great leaders of monasticism in the reign of King Edgar. They followed continental practice in maintaining both monks and secular priests in their households, and did not follow Æthelwold in his dramatic expulsions of secular clerks and replacement by monks.[6] Æthelwold links the terms 'filth' and 'clergy' several times in his writings, regarding them (like other Benedictines) as impure and unfit to serve altars or engage in any form of divine service, because many of them were married and they did not follow a monastic rule.[12]
To Æthelwold's admirers, the epithets "father of monks" and "benevolent bishop" summarize his character as reformer and friend of Christ's poor;[13] though he suffered much from ill-health, his life as scholar, teacher, prelate and Royal counsellor was ever austere, and he was said to be "terrible as a lion" to the rebellious, yet "gentler than a dove" to the meek. He is said to have written a treatise on the circle and to have compiled the "Regularis Concordia".[14]
The Benedictines were greatly superior to the secular clergy in their learning and their schools. Æthelwold personally taught the older pupils at Winchester, and their works show that they regarded him with great respect and affection. His surviving works in both Latin and Old English show that he was a great scholar, and his vernacular writings are believed to have played an important role in the development of Standard Old English.[6] Some of the wealth he accumulated was used to rebuild churches, and he was also a major patron of ecclesiastical art, although unfortunately none of his works survive, and only written accounts remain. The artistic workshops he established continued to be influential after his death, both at home and abroad.[6]
A century later Æthelwold had acquired a great reputation as a goldsmith, and was credited with the production of a range of metal objects at Abingdon, including many figures and objects in precious metal, bells and even a pipe organ. While his later, disreputable successor at AbingdonSpearhafoc clearly was, like Dunstan, a significant artist, thatWulfstan's contemporaryLife of Æthelwold mentions him undertaking other forms of manual work, in the gardens and in building, but nothing about metalwork, suggests this legend was a later elaboration, though one that shows the high status of goldsmithing at the time.[15] Æthelwold was certainly bishop during the period when the Winchester school ofmanuscript illumination reached its peak, and the most important surviving manuscript of the school, theBenedictional of Saint Æthelwold (British Library), was commissioned by him. He also rebuilt theOld Minster at Winchester, completed in 980.[citation needed]
Æthelwold also played an important political role. When the succession became an issue late in Edgar's reign, Æthelwold supported the claim ofÆthelred, the son of his major patron, Ælfthryth, whereas Dunstan and Oswald appear to have supported Edgar's son by an earlier wife,Edward the Martyr, who succeeded to the throne. After Edward was murdered in 978, Æthelwold seems to have played a major advisory role in Æthelred's minority. It is significant that it was only after Æthelwold's death in 984 that Æthelred started acting against the interests of some of the reformed monastic houses. One victim wasAbingdon Abbey, and in a charter restoring its privileges in 993 the king acknowledged that Æthelwold's passing had deprived the country "of one whose industry and pastoral care ministered not only to my interest but also to that of all the inhabitants of the country."[16]
Æthelwold died on 1 August 984[17] atBeddington inSurrey.[14] He was buried in the crypt of the Old Minster at Winchester, but twelve years later Ælfhelm, a citizen of Wallingford, claimed to have been cured of blindness by visiting Æthelwold's tomb. This was taken as the necessary sign for his formal recognition as a saint, and his body was translated from the crypt to the choir. By the 12th century,Abingdon Abbey had acquired an arm and a leg.[18]
One of Æthelwold's pupils, Wulfstan of Winchester, wrote a biography which seems to have played a major role in promoting his cult, and in about 1004Ælfric, another disciple and abbot of Eynsham, abridged Wulfstan's work in Latin and Old English.[19] However, the Æthelwold of Wulfstan's life inspired respect rather than devotion, and his cult never seems to have achieved great popularity. Wulfstan's saint is a formidable authoritarian, who, for instance, commands a monk to show his devotion by plunging his hand into a pot of boiling stew. He has a reputation for ruthless insensitivity which is not shared by the other tenth-century monastic reformers. His importance to the reform movement has always been appreciated, but the range of his contributions to scholarship has only been recognised in recent years.[6]
Æthelwold's liturgical feast is kept on 1 August.[20]
| Christian titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Bishop of Winchester 963–984 | Succeeded by |
| Early Medieval 634–1006 |
|  Arms of the Bishop of Winchester |
|---|---|---|
| High Medieval 1006–1304 | ||
| Late Medieval 1305–1501 | ||
| Early Modern 1501–1820 |
| |
| Late Modern 1820–current | ||
