While it is not a settled issue, the primitive urban core ofObila was probably founded after theRoman subjugation of the territory through the assimilation of indigenous peoples (Vettones) in connection to the Roman policy enforcing the abandonment of surrounding hilltopoppida.[5] Medieval Christian settlement took hold in the 11th century, with the growing status of milieus associated to the council militias and the discrimination against peasantry deepening the social inequality from a relatively egalitarian starting point.[6]
Ávila is sometimes called the "City of Stones and Saints"[c] due to its well-preserved medieval architecture and its connection to prominentSpanish mystics.
In pre-Roman times (the 5th century BC), Ávila was inhabited by theVettones, who called itObila (Ὀβίλα)[7] ("High Mountain") and built one of their strongest fortresses here. There are Bronze Age stone statues of boars (known asverracio) nearby.
Archeological remains from the Roman era near the Gate of San Vicente
Ávila may have been the ancient town known asAbula, mentioned byPtolemy in hisGeographia (II 6, 60) as being located in the Iberian region ofBastetania.Abula is mentioned as one of the first towns inHispania that was converted toChristianity bySecundus of Abula (San Segundo), however,Abula may alternatively have been the town ofAbla.[8]
After the conquest byancient Rome, the town was calledAbila orAbela. The plan of the town remains typically Roman; rectangular in shape, with its two main streets (cardo anddecumanus) intersecting at aforum in the centre. Roman remains that are embedded in town walls at the eastern and southern entrances (now the Alcazar and Rastro Gates) appear to have beenashlar altar stones.[9]
By tradition, in the 1st century, Secundus, having travelled via the Roman province ofHispania Baetica, brought theGospel to Ávila, and was created its first bishop.[10]
After thefall of the Western Roman Empire, Ávila became a stronghold of theVisigoths. Conquered by the Moors (Arabs) (who called it Ābila, آبلة), it was repeatedly attacked by the northern Iberian Christian kingdoms, becoming a virtually uninhabited no man's land. It was repopulated about 1088 following the definitive reconquest of the area byRaymond of Burgundy, son in law of Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Tradition holds that he employed two foreigners, an Italian, Casandro Romano, and a Frenchman, Florin de Pontuenga, to construct a stone frontier town and creating the walls that still stand.[11][12]
Ávila hosted aJewish community in the Middle Ages. The first written evidence documenting the presence of Jews dates to 1144. By the end of the 13th century, the Jewish population in Ávila was one of the largest in Castile. In 1375, the Jews of Ávila were forced to watch a religious disputation betweenJuan de Valladolid andMoses ha-Kohen of Tordesillas. After the 1492expulsion of the Jews, the Jewish community was nonexistent.[13] Several synagogues existed in the city until the expulsion. Some of their properties were sold or auctioned in the years that followed, and in 1495 the Crown granted one of the synagogue sites to the Convent of the Incarnation on Lomo Street.[14]
The city achieved a period of prosperity under theCatholic Monarchs in the early 16th century. During theRevolt of the Comuneros, the city became the first meeting place of theSanta junta (the Holy governing board) on 1 August 1520.[15] The Junta of Ávila drafted theProyecto de Ley Perpetua (a sort of proto-constitutional draft that never came into force) in the Cathedral of Ávila in the Summer of 1520, envisaging that cities assembled every three years without the requirement for royal sanction or presence, determining taxation and acting as a check and balance on government activity.[16][17]
The city experienced a long decline since the 17th century, its population reducing to just 4,000 inhabitants.
The Alcázar Gate c. 1912
In the 19th century, there was some population growth with the construction of the railway line from Madrid to the French border atIrun and an important junction near the town.
In 1936, at the outbreak of theSpanish Civil War, the town quickly became part of the area occupied by rebel troops. Growth continued slowly again underFranco, but Ávila has not had a major influence in Spanish society in recent history, apart from the nurturing of politicians such asAdolfo Suárez, the first democratically elected prime minister of Spain post-Franco, and José María Aznar, prime minister from 1996 to 2004, who represented Ávila in theCortes but was not from the town.
Situated 1132 metres (3714 feet)above sea level on a rocky outcrop on the right bank of theAdaja river, a tributary of theDuero, Ávila is the highest provincial capital in Spain. It is built on the flat summit of a rocky hill, which rises abruptly in the midst of a veritable wilderness; a brown, arid, treeless table-land, strewn with immense grey boulders, and shut in by lofty mountains.[18]
Ávila's position results in awarm summer mediterranean climate (Csb, according to theKöppen climate classification) bordering on a coldsemi-arid climate (BSk) with warm summers and chilly winters with snowfalls. The hottest month, July, has an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69 °F), and the coldest month, January, has an average of 3.0 °C (37 °F). The average annual precipitation is 416 mm (16.38 in).[19] Annual rainfall is low compared to surrounding areas, implying that it lies in a rain shadow. The Adaja is dry for several months of the year and the town has historically had water supply problems. Ávila has the coldest winter low temperatures of the Spanishprovincial capital cities, thanks to its high altitude (1,132 metres (3,714 ft)above sea level).
Climate data for Ávila 1,130 metres (3,710 ft) (1991-2020), extremes (1983-present)
Ávila has two universities: theCatholic University of Ávila (UCAV) and the University of Mysticism, which became operational on September 2, 2008.[citation needed] There are three colleges of theUniversity of Salamanca (USAL): the Polytechnic School of Ávila, the College of Education and Tourism in Ávila, and the School of Nursing.
The first public festival after the winter cold isHoly Week.
Ávila's other major holidays are October 15, Santa Teresa de Jesús, and May 2, San Segundo. The festivities take place around October 15 and the Summer Festival in mid-July.
Holy Week as celebrated in Ávila has garnered international tourist interest. It is one of the highest expressions of art and wealth as seen in numerous steps ofHoly Week along the town walls. Processions have either fifteen or twelve fraternities.
The festivities ofSanta Teresa, the town's most famous historical resident, a canonized Catholic saint known for her mysticism and religious writings and the first femaleDoctor of the Church, last almost the entire month of October. The proclamation is done by the mayor in the Plaza Mayor, accompanied by some celebrity. After the proclamation was organized in the same place a musical performance with renowned singers.
The festival program includes several musical concerts, a fairground, bullfights,passacaglia, processions of the fan groups, chocolate with churros and liturgical acts naturally focus on the day of the patroness, on 15 October with multitudinous mass presided by Bishop, then celebrated a great procession, headed the image of Santa Teresa with the Virgin of La Caridad, and is accompanied by all the authorities of Ávila, civil and military, and several bands music. The procession takes place between the Cathedral of Ávila and Santa Teresa Church. Takes place the day before the "Procession Girl" from the Iglesia de Santa Teresa to the cathedral.
Typical dishes of the town and region arejudías del barco,chuletón de Ávila,patatas revolconas andyemas de Santa Teresa. Also worth mentioning arehornazo, bun stuffed with sausage, bacon, steak and eggs,mollejas de ternera andCochinillo, which can be found in the capital and in Arévalo.
This sweet can always be found in the traditional pastry shop, La Flor de Castilla. In the other bakeries in the town it is produced under the nameyemas de Ávila, or simply yemas, produced as its name indicates from egg yolk.
This is a grilled ribeye steak, best cooked rare, which can be enjoyed in any hotel in the town. It is made fromAvileña-Negra ibérica, anindigenous black cow known for its excellent meat, whose fame transcends the borders of the province and the country.
San Antonio Sports Hall: in the north of the town is a large covered pavilion with basketball courts, tennis, soccer, squash, climbing.
Polideportivo Carlos Sastre, on the outskirts of the town. Its inauguration took place on January 30, 2009, with a friendly match betweenÓbila Club de Basket ofLEB Plata andLEB OroC.B. León. It has basketball courts, soccer, tennis, volleyball, etc.
The main landmark in the city is the imposingWalls of Ávila (11th–14th centuries), begun in 1090. The enclosed area is 31 hectares (77 acres) with a perimeter of 2,516 metres (2,752 yd), 88 blocks of semicircular towers, 2,500merlons,curtain walls 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick, with an average height of 12 m (39 ft), and 9 gates.[22]
The walls represent the largest fully illuminated monument in the world. It is possible to walk upon the walls for roughly half their circumference. While some of the walls will never be walkable because of their integration into other structures, a large stretch has yet to be made safe for pedestrians.[citation needed]
The construction of the iron-grey granite GothicCathedral of Ávila is said to have commenced in 1107 underAlvar Garcia de Estrella. Other historians believe the cathedral to be the work of the master masonFruchel in the 12th century, coinciding with the repopulation of the town led byRaymond of Burgundy. The eastern apse, which forms part of the town walls, is half church, half fortress, and it was here that the loyal citizens elevatedAlonso VII as their king, henceÁvila del Rey. The transept was finished in 1350 by Bishop Sancho de Ávila. The earlier Romanesque parts are made of a striking red-and-white "blood" limestone, while the Gothic parts were built with pure white stone.
Northern façade: Gothic style at left and added renaissance at right. Porch of the Apostles.
Western front: Burgundian style, with two towers forming a covered portal.
Choir and Rood screen: Renaissance style, decorated with reliefs depicting scenes of saints, carved from limestone. The alabaster tomb ofAlonso Tostado de Madrigal, bishop in 1499, shown in the act of writing is in theambulatory: "so enlightened were his doctrines that they caused the blind to see".
Cloister: Access from theRomanesque cathedral by a door on the south aisle.Gothic style.
Construction began in the 12th century and lasted until the 14th century. Its design is attributed to the French master Giral Fruchel, the author himself from the cathedral and pioneer of the Gothic style in Spain.
The overall structure is similar to the Latinbasilicas. It has a Latin cross plan, three naves, dome,tribunes, threeapses,atrium, two towers, andcrypt.
All the façade and the environment where it is located are of great artistic value.
Interior: Latin cross room with three naves. The pillars are of a Greek cross with half columns on the heads.
Crypt: Consists of three chapels, for the three apses of the church are mainlyromanesque and have the bestcapitals of the monument.
Highlight the tomb of Saint Peter of the Boat and, above all, the Cenotaph of the Holy Brothers Martyrs, the head of the temple, Saint Vincent of Ávila, and her sisters, along with the torture he suffered in the 4th century, Saint Sabina and Saint Cristeta, (Cenotafio de los santos Vicente, Sabina y Cristeta), one of the most important works of Romanesque sculpture in Spain.
The Convent of Saint Joseph is the first monastery ofDiscalced Carmelitenuns founded bySaint Teresa of Jesus. The convent was built in the year of 1562, although the most important architectural element, the church, was built in 1607. The church was designed by the architectFrancisco de Mora (1553–1610). It has been designated a national monument since 1968.
The church of Saint Peter is located outside the town walls in thePlaza de Mercado Grande at the door of the Alcazar. Presents analogous with that of San Vicente.
Latin cross floor and three naves of five sections. Apsidal chapels: mayor chapel, chapel of the south apse and chapel of the north apse.
A hermitage located to the west of Ávila, outside the town walls, on the right bank of the Adaja river. It highlights the sculpted capitals in which the sculptor is the footprint of the apse of San Andrés. Alabaster statues were made byJuan de Juni. Popular belief has it that, on introducing a handkerchief into the tomb and asking for three wishes, the saint will grant one. His pilgrimage is celebrated on 2 May,Segundo being the patron saint of Ávila.
This 16th-century palace is located inside the walls and attached to it as junt walk through the door of San Vicente, defended the access of Muslim troops.[clarification needed] Located on a busy street by different arms of the Águila family.[clarification needed]
Real Monasterio de Santo Tomás is aDominican convent of the late 15th century. Despite being away from the historic centre, it is one of the most important monuments of the town.
Notable examples of secular architecture are the Valderrábanos Palace (15th century), the Casa de los Deanes (16th century), the Torreón de los Guzmanes and the Verdugos Palace (15th–16th centuries).
In mid-2007, work began on the convention centre. In April 2009, its construction was completed and it opened its doors.
The building, designed by architect Francisco José Mangado, is modern in style. It covers and area of 19,800 m2 (213,125 sq ft), including the area of the neighbouring gardens and parking.
There is a large symphony hall, large glass galleries, café, restaurant, conference room, catering services, storage, reception, store room, etc.
The symphony hall has a capacity of 2,000 and the secondary hall of 500. The two conference rooms have each 1,000 seats.
TheÁvila Railway Station serves the town. The closest airport isAdolfo Suárez in Madrid-Barajas. The city can be reached via the A-6 from Madrid. The city itself can be explored on foot, although there is a public service of buses running throughout the city. Also, there is a bus station that has intercity bus connections; it was built to replace the 1974-era old station located on Avenida de Madrid. There is an underground parking lot under the main square ("El grande").
The Old Town city zone is nowadays closed to private cars, and outside the walls are many roundabouts that help traffic flow, and the ring road that goes from the bus station to the southern zone bordering the walls makes it possible to cross the entire city by car or walking in less than 30 minutes. In the 70s and 80s most traffic lights were replaced with roundabouts, but many lights still exist in the central zone where it is not possible to put roundabouts. Also in that time, the city had relatively large growth, which led to the creation of many social neighborhoods around the old town area.
The Hospital Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles (Our lady of Sonsoles Hospital), the Adolfo Suárez stadium, the residential zones as Urbanización Las Hervencias, la ciudad deportiva (sporting city) with pools, a running track, soccer and football camp; the office building (La calera), the tower-residential flats zone (Madrigal de Altas Torres), the workers' quarter like San José Obrero (St. Joseph of the Worker), the retirement building (Residencia de tercera edad), the students' residence (Valle Ambles), hotels like Don Carmelo and Sercotel, new schools and high schools, and the 4-lane principal avenues Hornos Caleros and Carretera de Valladolid were built in the 70s and 80s. This doubled the population and provided the city with modern services. Nowadays, there is a mall near the hospital in the northern zone.
^"ávila".Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved25 June 2024.
^Beinart, Haim (2001).The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Vol. 1. Translated by Jeffrey M. Green. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization in association with Liverpool University Press. pp. 72–73.
Parkinson Keyes, Frances (1957).The Land of Stones and Saints. Doubleday. (Lives of five famous people of the province of Avila, Spain, in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries: Isabel the Catholic, St Teresa of Ávila, St John of the Cross, María Vela and San Pedro Bautista)
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