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https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Ubuntu_Linux
Welcome to the guide!
Ubuntu (IPA pronunciation/ù'búntú/ (oo-BOON-too[1])) is a predominantly desktop-orientedLinux distribution, based onDebian GNU/Linux but with a stronger focus on usability, regular releases, and ease of installation at the expense of platform diversity. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African billionaire entrepreneurMark Shuttleworth.
The name of the distribution comes from the southern African concept ofubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are," though other meanings have been suggested.[2]
Kubuntu and Xubuntu are official sub-projects of the Ubuntu project, aiming to bring theKDE andXfcedesktop environments, respectively, to the Ubuntu core. Edubuntu is an official sub-project designed for school environments, and should be equally suitable for children to use at home.[3] Gobuntu was an official sub-project, which was aimed at adhering strictly to theFree Software Foundation's Four Freedoms.[4] However, Gobuntu is no longer being developed, since the regular Ubuntu release now gives users the option of installing only free software. The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is an efficient variant of the popular desktop and server operating system, configured specifically for virtual appliances.
Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and always supports them for at least 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. Some releases are designated as Long Term Support (LTS) versions, which have three years support for the desktop and five years for the server editions. It is intended that new LTS versions will be released at two year intervals.
The most recent (and sixth) LTS version, Ubuntu 16.04(Xenial Xerus), was released on April 21 2016.
Ubuntu aims to use only free software to provide an up-to-date yet stable operating system for the average user. The initial download and installation is of course free of charge. In addition to free updates, and support from the ubuntu community, and this guide, there are a number of other books about Ubuntu Linux, and paid technical support is available from Canonical Ltd.[5]
Ubuntu focuses on usability,[6] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.[7] The Ubiquity installer[8] allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu furthermore emphasises accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. As of version 5.04, UTF-8 is the default character encoding. The default appearance of the user interface until Ubuntu 10.04 was calledhuman and was characterised by shades of brown and orange. On 4 March 2010, it was announced that Ubuntu 10.04 would feature a new theme, including new logos. Beginning with release 11.04, Ubuntu will use the new Ubiquity desktop environment, rather than GNOME, by default.
Besides standard system tools and other small applications, Ubuntu comes installed with the following software: theOpenOffice.org productivity suite, the Internet browserFirefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), and the raster graphics editorGIMP. Several lightweight card and puzzle games are pre-installed, includingSudoku andChess. Ubuntu has all ports closed by default adding to security, although some people choose to run afirewall in order to keep tabs of incoming and outgoing connections.
Ubuntu offers a fully featured set of applications that work straight from the standard install, but nonetheless fits on a single CD. The live CD allows users to see whether their hardware is compatible before installation to the hard disk. The live CD is then used to install Ubuntu.[9] CDs are mailed free to anyone who requests them, and CD images are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard-disk space.[10] An alternate install disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download , and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM.[11]
With the release of Ubuntu 7.04 in April 2007, the Ubuntu installation process changed slightly. It now supports migration from Windows.[12] The new migration tool imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation.
For Ubuntu there are tools available to create a specific installation CD/DVD. With Wubi, it is possible to install Ubuntu on a Windows partition. It also makes use of the migration tool which imports Windows users' configurations.
Since Ubuntu uses GNOME, the language of the GUI can set up indifferent languages.
Ubuntu's popularity has climbed steadily since its 2004 debut. It is currently the second most viewed Linux distribution onDistrowatch.com, and was the most accessed on the site in 2005[13] and 2006.[14] This popularity is borne out by a rise in Google searches for "Ubuntu" since 2004 as compared to shrinking or plateauing numbers for terms related to other major desktop Linux distributions such as "Fedora", "Debian" or "SUSE" over the same period[15]. In a 2007 survey of 38500 DesktopLinux.com users Ubuntu was the most popular distribution, with 30.3 percent of respondents using it.[1]
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London.[16] It has been favourably reviewed in online and print publications.[17][18] Ubuntu won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[2]
Mark Shuttleworth has stated that there were at least 8 million Ubuntu users at the end of 2006.[19]
If you are new to computers, what you will learn in this manual will be a heavenly "dream come true" introduction to cutting edge computing technology. But first, you must learn what a computer is.
If your peers have told you that "part of everyday computer maintenance involves running an antivirus", or that "computers crash all the time and are so difficult to maintain", disregard that. As someone who knows new users, these problems don't apply with regards to what you'll learn in this manual.
Ubuntu is a GNU/Linux based operating system and is also a derivative of the Debian GNU/Linux operating system. Essentially what this means is:
Although Windows is the most popular OS (Operating System) for casual computer users, this does not necessarily make it the "best" OS. Ubuntu, which is a Linux distribution, has many features that make it a good alternative to Windows:
Not at all! Ubuntu is getting more and more user friendly. Most users never have to touch a configuration file or command line if they feel uncomfortable with it. Also, Ubuntu has all of the graphical niceties that a modern operating system has, like dazzling visual effects, piles of graphical themes, and heaps of fun games (if you've gotten tired of Solitaire and Minesweeper).
The 3D desktop effects in Ubuntu have caught the eyes of even the most avid Windows user who only dream about such effects.The most striking example of how easy Ubuntu is lies in the fact that installation consists of just 7 easy steps which can be followed by even a beginner or non technical user.
Furthermore, even installing other softwares is very much unlike windows where all sorts of questions are asked while installation. And there is a surprise for windows users, even 10 or 20 pieces of software of your choice can be selected in a batch for installation.
The GNOME/Unity user interface is much more easy to use provided you are ready to unlearn some tedious things required in Windows.
Besides, as long as you are prepared to read manuals, any 'geeky' bits should be quite feasible - the command line looks difficult, old-fashioned and worrying, especially when you're not in a window manager with a black background, but once you've used it a little, you should find that it's really not that difficult. If you have experience with Mac or UNIX terminals it should be no sweat (no surprise, Linux uses the same thing). The same goes for other things - you may have to get used to something new and read a bit of documentation once in a while, but it shouldn't be too troublesome.
Again, not necessarily. This Wikibook is currently being typed under aUbuntu virtual machine (VM). All I have to do to return to Windows is press Ctrl+Alt! This, however, might take some experience with computers.
Alternatively, there's an installation system called Wubi that makes having Windows and Ubuntu even easier. It installs Ubuntu into a folder on your Windows drive, completely avoiding partitioning.
Recent versions of Ubuntu have a user-friendly installer to guide you through installation - you can even just tell it to resize your windows partition and install in the free space. Be sure, however, to make sure that you don't damage partitions and back up your data.
For if you don't wish to install just yet, you can have a play with the Live CD. This will probably be slower than the installed version for you, but it's a good way to try the system out. If you don't want to spend your money for a Live CD, you can take the official Ubuntu tour athttp://tour.ubuntu.com/
Alternatively, some other Linux distributions give an option to run from RAM, making the system run faster once it has booted. the downside of this is that boot time takes longer.
macOS's core, Darwin, is Unix-like. A lot of the commands you might use on the terminal, likecp,mv,ls, etc. will work in Ubuntu because they both use Bash as their shell.
Intel Macs from all generations should be supported. PowerPC is less certain, since official releases are unsupported and drivers may not be available for all the hardware.
If you're using a hackintosh, make sure any EFI emulator or kernel hack you have set in place for macOS doesn't apply system-wide so that it doesn't collide with GRUB or its settings. If you plan on switching completely, you won't need to worry about any of it because Ubuntu will replace everything upon installation.
Welcome all Ubuntu users. You're probably already familiar with what Ubuntu is and how it differs from other operating systems, so we won't go into that. Instead allow me to welcome you to the Ubuntu Wikibook. Please feel free to (in the spirit of Ubuntu) help out in the making of this Wikibook wherever you feel you can.
We hope that new Ubuntu users and veterans alike will be able to learn something from this guide.
Welcome, friends!
As you no doubt are already aware, Ubuntu is a (Debian-type) GNU/Linux operating system, much like the one(s) you have already used. However, Ubuntu has a strong focus on usability and user-friendliness, which could, depending on your previous distribution, be a very different experience than what you are used to.
We hope that this guide can help you in your transition to Ubuntu, or just to learn about another Linux distribution.
 | This page or section is an undeveloped draft or outline. You can help todevelop the work, or you can ask for assistance in theproject room. |
Ubuntu is a lot like Unix based systems since Ubuntu is a UNIX-like system, just as Linux is.
Many user guides have been written due to the similarity to other OS's[1]
Welcome to Ubuntu. You have made a good choice by trying it.
The Linux ecosystem is diverse and allows for a multitude of desktop environments to be built for it. Many are packaged in their own flavours of Ubuntu.
Flavours are listed according tothis downloads page.
With so many different derivatives it can be quite difficult to decide which one to download. If you're really anxious to get started, just use standard Ubuntu.
The difference between Ubuntu, Edubuntu, etc. is just the software that's installed. Generally, switching to any other variant is fairly trivial and is more like adding more onto the system rather than replacing parts. Once you get one, you can easily mix and match components that are associated with one edition with another.
In short: don't worry about it; you can change your mind. That's one of the things that's great about free software: the freedom.
Ubuntu standard is the most common (and most supported) version of Ubuntu which suits almost every desktop user. It works on most PCs built in the last 3 - 5 years and maybe some older ones. Standard Ubuntu uses the Unity desktop environment by Canonical. (in contrast to KDE or XFCE).
Who should use it? People that just want a simple but powerful desktop operating system, with fairly recent hardware. Both people with and without previous Linux experience should find it easy to use.
A rolling release Linux distro, this modifies Ubuntu to use the GNOME 3 desktop environment, after Ubuntu switched to Unity. Ubuntu 10.x and below users should have easy goings with it.
Who should use it?People familiar with GNOME based linux distributions such as Fedora.
Kubuntu is the KDE based derivative of Ubuntu. Like standard edition it should be fairly easy for new users to pick up. (For windows users it may be easier than Standard Edition as its UI is more like Windows.) It should work with PCs built in the last 3 - 5 years but older PC's will struggle to run several applications at once.
Who should use it? Like above people that just want a Desktop for their newish computer. Kubuntu is better suited to previous Linux users and Windows users and also to migrants from Mac.
SeeKubuntuGuide !
Xubuntu is an XFCE based derivative. It is designed to run on older and slower hardware and features much more lightweight software than K/Ubuntu. Xubuntu has a very similar interface to Ubuntu Standard Edition and people with no previous Linux experience should find it easy enough to navigate. It should work with PC's built in the last 10 or even 12 years.
Who should use it? People with slower/older computers with aging hardware or people that prefer a lightweight Operating System.
Ubuntu Server Edition is the most advanced version of Ubuntu. By default it comes with a LAMP server but it can also be used for bare command-line only machines or as a starting point to build a customised system. It has low system requirements so it should work on computers built in the last 10 years.
Who should use it? Network admins, system administrators, and people with a fair bit of previous experience of Linux and that are not afraid of the command line.
Ubuntu Studio is a media based Ubuntu derivative. It has fairly high system requirements so you will need a recent machine to run it to the best of its ability.
Who should use it? The arty types. People who want to run a music studio, film cutting room or art studio from their new computer.
There are a few ways to get Ubuntu on your system, some take more commitment than others.
You can take theonline Ubuntu tour if you want to try Ubuntu without a Live CD.
When you have your Ubuntu CD it is possible to boot your computer directly from it. Your computer system will remain completely unaffected, allowing you to sample Ubuntu without actually installing it. Booting from a live disk is only really used to try Ubuntu out, as when you switch off, all settings are lost.Using Ubuntu Linux/Live Boot
To run a fully fledged operating system you don't even need to boot up from it; using a virtual machine it is possible to start Ubuntu (or most other operating systems for that matter) inside Windows; this method has its advantages over Live Disk in that it is more permanent, it's like actually having the operating system. So if you liked the live disk and wanted to try it out further, this would be the option.Using Ubuntu Linux/Virtualization
Now we're getting more serious. So you want to install Ubuntu, but you don't want to lose Windows, it's easy enough setting up a dual boot system, where windows is sitting on one part of your hard drive and Ubuntu on the other. You can only boot one at a time, but you can still keep Windows there if you don't want to take the full leap. The big disadvantage of dual booting is that it (most of the time) requires you to format your hard drive, wiping your existing Windows installation.Using Ubuntu Linux/Installing
That's it, you're fed up with Windows and want it out of your life, then so be it! This process involves installing Linux Ubuntu completely on your hard drive.Using Ubuntu Linux/Installing
It is possible to run Ubuntu on your computer without installing anything because the Ubuntu disk, actually a DVD, is called aLive CD. When your computer boots up while you have the CD in, you are given the choice of either booting from the computer's hard drive or running Ubuntu by Live CD.
To do this:
This section will take you through the steps of burning your own Live CD.
If you want to install Ubuntu into your hard disk, you may use the following methods:
The live CD installer works by cloning the working Ubuntu system into the hard disk.
The alternate CD uses the Debian text-based installer, and install the packages one-by-one. It offers features like RAID/LVM, and install a system without GUI. The final system is near-identical to the system installed from the live CD.
This type of installation works by creating a disk image in an existing Windows partition, loop-mount it and install to it. It doesn't involve any partitioning.
Virtualization is a system where an operating system can be installed into another host operating system.The technology involves using some space on the hard disk where the virtual system would be installed and operated.There are many free and proprietary software for virtualization. VMware andVirtualBox are 2 such examples.
When an operating system is installed in a virtual box it behaves exactly the same and the end user would not even know that a system is actually running in another operating system. This way one need not partition the hard disk for another operating system.
This becomes particularly useful for testing an operating system before deciding to actually use it as a complete replacement, or using virtual machines for software development. When we think of this option as an intermediate phase in the migration process, one can think of installing Ubuntu inside Windows and using it for some days with all its features and capabilities. When users get familiar with the partitioning and other complex tasks they can confidently install Ubuntu directly.
USE THE ISO:
INSTALL UBUNTU
For more details, see
 | To do: |
So you have managed to successfully install and boot Ubuntu. Congratulations!
If you installed Ubuntu 11.04 or later, you might come across the LightDM, a type of login screen, before the Ubuntu desktop screen appears. To login to your user account, click your user name and type your password. Now, press the enter/return key or click the arrow on the right side of the box where you typed your password. IfAuto Login is enabled, the desktop screen appears instead of the login screen.
If you installed Ubuntu GNOME or a version of Ubuntu older than 11.04, the first thing you will see when you boot your new operating system is the Gnome Display Manager (GDM), your login screen. In the box you should enter your username which is the name you chose during the installation process. After you have entered your name press the enter key. You will then have to enter your password which you also chose during the installation process. The password will appear as black circles so that nobody can see your password. After you have typed this press enter and voila, welcome to Ubuntu!
Next: Settings & How to use them
Welcome to your new system, in this section we will talk about the settings you can change in your new operating system which you can access from the menu's at the top of your screen.
When you first logged in to your brand new system, you would have noticed that your applications are found on the left hand side of the screen at the launcher. It sort of resembles Windows 7, so if you just moved from Windows 7, congratulations! You don't have to learn a lot of new stuff.
When you have first logged in to your Ubuntu, you may be wondering where all your applications have went. Don't worry, they are just being stuffed into the applications directory. Simply click on the Ubuntu icon on your screen's top left corner or press the super key on your keyboard and do a quick search for your favourite programs.
On the top right hand corner, you would find a clock ticking, your username, a quit button and a few others. They are just there to allow you to do the different maintenance tasks that you would usually do (like turning off your computer after a session using the quit button).
If you have downloaded an old release of Ubuntu (Ubuntu 10.10 or older), you would need to follow the following guide below.
The system menu and its submenus 'Preferences' and 'Administration' are where you will do most of your configuration.
First lets talk about the entries in this menu before we talk about the submenus.
This option loads a program called 'yelp' which is similar to windows' Help center. You can type in a keyword into the search box of this program to see useful information, or follow its useful links for common help questions.
This is just a dialog box which shows information about GNOME. GNOME is your Desktop Environment, it contains a suite of applications which include the panel bars you see and the games in the 'Applications' menu as well as many other applications
This loads the 'yelp' program at a page specific to information about Ubuntu.
This opens a window which allows you to shutdown, reboot, hibernate etc.
This is the menu where you can change the majority of your settings. The features described in here are quite often user specific, this means that if another user logs in, features you've set here won't be in theirs. So consider these options superficial; you're much less likely to ruin your computer messing around with these, so I recommend having a play around with them to find out more about them. If you are using Ubuntu 11.04 or newer, most of the configuration settings are found in the Ubuntu Control Centre, do find the Control Centre in the applications directory.
This is where you will be able to find tools to adjust certain settings such as graphics card settings, partitions, printing, network settings etc. Modifications you make here are system wide, and sometimes potentially dangerous, I don't want to scare you away from here, but if you do want to change anything under the system menu, make sure you know what you're doing. If you are using Ubuntu 11.04 or newer, most of the configuration settings are found in the Ubuntu Control Centre, do find the Control Centre in the applications directory.
| To do: |
Ubuntu can be used for everyday tasks such as web browsing, email reading and more! Using Ubuntu might be different but it doesn't mean it's not fun!
To use Ubuntu you have to be familiar with Unity: the GUI (Graphical User Interface) of Ubuntu. Unity looks a lot like Mac OS X and acts similar in many ways. The most notable difference is the Dash which is a new way of getting around your computer. Unity is pretty easy to figure out at a first glance and there isn't much of a learning curve required to master it.
Other GUIs are available as well. These include KDE and LXDE which offer a more windows like interface, and many other options aswell. To download these you may choose a fork of Ubuntu with these preinstalled. You may also install them with the package manager interface or terminal interface using $sudo apt get install interface.
There are lots of software packages inside the Ubuntu repositories; they are divided into categories as follows:
You may also add 3rd-party repositories.
To install/remove software packages:
If you are using Ubuntu 11.04 or newer, your Ubuntu Software Centre is found in the applications directory.
To install 3rd-party software packages:
Desktop Effects make Ubuntu fun and easier to use. There are a lot of effects in Ubuntu. Desktop effects are optional, and it is not necessary to have them turned on. To enable these, CompizConfig Settings Manager has to be installed in Ubuntu.
sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-plugins-extra
When you have finished installing ccsm, open the dash and type "ccsm". If you use Ubuntu 10.10 or older open it from the applications menu.[citation needed] Click on CompizConfig Settings Manager to open it. Scroll down until you reach the effects subheading. To enable an effect, tick the box (☑) near its icon.
To quickly and easily revert your desktop effects, press ctrl+alt+F1. Type your username and password. Now, type the following:
dconf reset -f /org/compiz/
Press ctrl+alt+F7.[1] Now all the non-default settings in CompizConfig will be reset to default.
 | Wikipedia has related information atList of Ubuntu releases. |
Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and always supports them for at least 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. Some releases are designated as Long Term Support (LTS) versions, which have three years support for the desktop and five years for the server editions. It is intended that new LTS versions will be released every two years.
The most recent standard version, Ubuntu 15.10 (Wily Werewolf), was released on October 22, 2015.
The most recent LTS version, Ubuntu 16.04 (Wily Werewolf), was released on April 21, 2016
The next version of Ubuntu, Ubuntu 16.10, will be calledYakkety Yak.
Each finished release has both a code name and a version number. The version number is based on the year and month of release. For example, the very first "stable" release of Ubuntu (as opposed to development versions), Ubuntu 4.10, was released on October 20, 2004.[1]
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X.
The initial download and installation of Ubuntu is of course free of charge. In addition to the free updates, and support from the ubuntu community, and this guide, there are a number of other books about Ubuntu Linux, and paid technical support is available from Canonical Ltd.[2]
| Version | Code name | Testing name | Release date | Supported until | Features and Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.10 | Warty Warthog | Sounder | 2004-10-20[3] | 2006-04-30[4] | ShipIt |
| 5.04 | Hoary Hedgehog | Array | 2005-04-08[5] | 2006-10-31[6] | Update Manager; Upgrade Notifier; readahead; grepmap; laptop suspend, hibernate and standby; dynamic frequency scaling; Ubuntu hardware database; Kickstart; installation from USB devices; UTF-8 by default; APT authentication |
| 5.10 | Breezy Badger | Colony | 2005-10-13[7][8] | 2007-04-13[9] | Usplash (graphical boot sequence); "Add/Remove..." application tool; language selector; logical volume management support; Hewlett-Packard printer support; OEM installer support; Launchpad integration |
| 6.06 LTS | Dapper Drake | Flight | 2006-06-01[10][11] | 2009-06 (desktops) | Long Term Support (LTS) release. LiveCD and Install CD merged onto one disc; Ubiquity graphical installer on LiveCD; Usplash on shutdowns; Network Manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections; 'Humanlooks' theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colours instead of brown; LAMP installation option; installation to USB devices; GDebi graphical installer for package files |
| 2011-06 (servers) | |||||
| 6.10 | Edgy Eft | Knot | 2006-10-26[12][13] | 2008-04 | Ubuntu 'Human' theme heavily modified; Upstart; automated crash reports (Apport); Tomboy notetaking application; F-spot photo manager |
| 7.04 | Feisty Fawn | Herd | 2007-04-19[14] | 2008-10 | Migration assistant;Kernel-based Virtual Machine support; easy codec and restricted drivers installation;Compiz desktop effects;Wi-Fi Protected Access support;PowerPC support dropped;Sudoku andchess games added; 'baobab' disk usage analyzer added; GNOME Control Center;Zeroconf for many devices |
| 7.10 | Gutsy Gibbon | Tribe | 2007-10-18[15][16] | 2009-04 | Compiz Fusion by default;[17]AppArmor security framework;[18] fastdesktop search;[19]fast user switching;[19] improvements in plug-in handling for Mozilla Firefox (Ubufox);[20] graphical configuration tool forX.org;[20] a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default[20] |
| 8.04 LTS | Hardy Heron[21] | Alpha | 2008-04-24[22] | 2011-04 (desktops) | Long Term Support (LTS) release;[23][24] Planned features include: revamped theme and artwork, betterTango compliance[25]; robustness; compiz usability improvements; tracker integration[26] |
| 2013-04 (servers) | |||||
| 8.10 | Intrepid Ibex[27] | 2008-10-30[28] | 2010-04 | Improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for internet connectivity, an Ubuntu Live USB creator and a guest account. | |
| 9.04 | Jaunty Jackalope[29] | 2009-04-23[30] | 2010-10 | Faster boot time, integration of web services and applications into the desktop interface, a new usplash screen, a new login screen and also support for both Wacom (hotplugging) and netbooks. | |
| 9.10 | Karmic Koala[31] | 2009-10-29[32] | 2011-04 | A new set of boot up and shutdown splash screens, a new login screen that transitions seamlessly into the desktop, and greatly improved performance on Intel graphics chipsets. | |
| 10.04 LTS | Lucid Lynx[33] | 2010-04-29[34] | 2013-05-09 (desktop)[35] | LTS version; improved support for Nvidia proprietary graphics drivers; Plymouth introduced for boot animations; GIMP replaced by F-Spot; integrated interfaces for posting to social networks; new theme with new logos: Light.[36] | |
| 2015-04-30 (server)[37] | |||||
| 10.10 | Maverick Meerkat[38] | 2010-10-10[39] | 2012-04-10[40] | Unity interface for Netbook Edition; Shotwell set as default photo manager; ability to purchase applications in the Software Center; Ubuntu Font used as the default font.[41] | |
| 11.04 | Natty Narwhal[42] | 2011-04-28[43] | 2012-10-28[44] | Unity set as default user interface; Banshee set at default music player; includes Firefox 4; LibreOffice replaces OpenOffice.org; OpenStack cloud computing platform included; Ubuntu Netbook Edition merged into desktop edition.[45] | |
| 11.10 | Oneiric Ocelot[46] | 2011-10-13[47] | 2013-05-09[48] | Includes a 2D version of Unity; placement of the Ubuntu button on the Launcher; auto-hiding of the window controls and global menu of maximized windows; introduction of more transparency into Dash and Panel when Dash opens; window controls for Dash; PiTiVi, Computer Janitor and Synaptic package manager removed from ISO; Mozilla Thunderbird replaces Evolution.[49] | |
| 12.04 LTS | Precise Pangolin[50] | 2012-04-26[51] | 2017-04-26[52] | LTS release; faster startup time for Ubuntu Software Center; refinements to Unity; Banshee media player replaced with Rhythmbox; dropped Tomboy and supporting Mono framework; window dodge feature removed from Unity launcher; new head-up display (HUD) feature allows hotkey searching for application menu items from the keyboard; IPv6 privacy extensions turned on by default.[53] | |
| 12.10 | Quantal Quetzal[54] | 2012-10-18[55] | 2014-05-16[56] | Improved boot up sequence and log-in screen, dropping Unity 2D in favor of lower hardware requirements for Unity 3D; wrap around dialogs and toolbars for HUD; "vanilla" version of Gnome-Shell included as an option; GNOME 3.6; Python 3; 3.5 Linux kernel; Python 3; PAE switched on by default; new combined user, session and system menu; Ubuntu Web Apps; Nautilus 3.4 set as file manager; Unity includes searches of Amazon.com.[57] | |
| 13.04 | Raring Ringtail[58] | 2013-04-25[59] | 2014-01-27[60] | Wubi dropped due to incompatibility.[61] | |
| 13.10 | Saucy Salamander[62] | 2013-10-17[63] | 2014-07-17[64] | Bug fixes only.[65] | |
| 14.04 LTS | Trusty Tahr[66] | 2014-04-17[67] | 2019-04[68] | LTS release; ability to turn off global menu system; locally integrated menus; retention of Xorg; Unity 8 developers' preview; new mobile applications; redesigned USB Start-Up Disk Creator tool; new forked version of the GNOME Control Center, called the Unity Control Center; default SSD TRIM support.[69] | |
| 14.10 | Utopic Unicorn[70] | 2014-10-23[71] | 2015-07-23[72] | Minor updates to kernel and Unity; full kernel address space layout randomization applied to kernel and its modules; closure of a number of information leaks in /proc; 'quality improvements'.[73] | |
| 15.04 | Vivid Vervet[74] | 2015-04-23[75] | 2016-02-04[76] | Systemd replaces Upstart; locally integrated menus.[77] | |
| 15.10 | Wily Werewolf[78] | 2015-10-22[79] | 2016-07[80] | Disappearing window edge scrollbars no longer available.[81] | |
| 16.04 LTS | Xenial Xerus[82] | 2016-04-21[83] | 2021-04[84] | Option for Unity 8; support for Ceph and ZFS filesystems , LXD hypervisor (using seccomp) for OpenStack, and Snappy packages; uses systemd instead of Upstart as its init system; Ubuntu Software Centre replaced by GNOME Software; Empathy and Brasero removed from ISO; online dash search results disabled by default in Unity 7; support not available for AMD Catalyst (fglrx) driver for AMD/ATI graphics cards.[85] | |
| 16.10 | Yakkety Yak[86] | 2016-10-20[87] | 2017-07[88] | Features and changes not discussed yet. |
{{cite web}}:Check date values in:|date= (help)Canonical
Ubuntu & Canonical Supported Derivatives
The Ubuntu Community
Ubuntu on WikiMedia
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