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A computer is a series of electrical pathways some of which can be changed by use of some of its own electrical pathways.
A computer instruction is a series of electrical signals that make use of a computer.
A computer program is a series of computer instructions.
An operating system (OS) is a computer program with the purposes of:
OS programming is ...
Many people are dissatisfied with currently-available operating systems, and research ways to improve them—or introduce entirely new replacements.
Somecomputer engineers develop entirely new computing hardware, and need to write a new OS for it (typically by adapting parts of some pre-existing OS).