m-

Usually, this prefix takes the form/ma/,/mi/,/mu/, followed by a velar or coronal plosive, followed by any vowel, followed by a liquid. For example:mozkor(“drunk”),mutur(“snout, end”),makur(“crooked”).

References

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R. L. Trask (2008) “m-”, inMax W. Wheeler, editor,Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex,page201

Egyptian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Afroasiatic*m-(nominal prefix).^[1]

Pronunciation

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(reconstructed)IPA^(key):/ma-/, /mi-/, /mV-/

(Old Egyptian, c. 2500BCE)IPA^(key):/ma-/, /mi-/, /mV-/
where V represents an unknown short vowel.

(modern Egyptological)IPA^(key):/mɛ/
- Conventional anglicization:me-

Prefix

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forms masculine abstract nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmiCCiC/
forms agent nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmaCCaC/ or/mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and/maCˈCaːCit/ or/mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms instrumental nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmaCCaC/ or/mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and/maCˈCaːCit/ or/mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms passive nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/miˈCuːCiC/ if masculine and/miˈCuCCit/ if feminine
forms nouns from other nouns with no apparent change in meaning, with the resulting root structure unchanged but for the addition of/ma-/ and the loss of final-w in masculine nouns
formsnomina loci from verbs and nouns

Alternative forms

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If followed by a labial consonant, this prefix dissimilated ton- in prehistoric times.

Derived terms

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Egyptian terms prefixed with m-

References

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Gundacker, Roman (2011) “On the Etymology of the Egyptian Crown Namemrsw.t*: An “Irregular” Subgroup ofm-Prefix Formations” inLingua Aegyptia, volume 19, page 41–44

^Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page 1

Kamba

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Alternative forms

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Prefix

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youplural(used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Northern Ndebele

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Old Irish

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Prefix

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m- (class A infixed pronoun,triggers lenition)

Derived terms

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Old Irish terms prefixed with m-

Old Irish affixed pronouns
SeeAppendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	infixed	suffixed
class A	class B	class C
1sg	m-^L	dom-^L,dam-^L	-um
2sg	t-^L	dot-^L,dat-^L,dut-^L,dit-^L	-ut
3sg m	a-^N,e-^N	d-^N	id-^N,did-^N,d-^N	-i,-it
3sg f	s-^(N)	da-	-us
3sg n	a-^L,e-^L	d-^L	id-^L,did-^L,d-^L	-i,-it
1pl	n-	don-,dun-,dan-	-unn
2pl	b-	dob-,dub-,dab-	-uib
3pl	s-^(N)	da-	-us

Southern Ndebele

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Swahili

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Alternative forms

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(etymologies 1 to 4)mu-,mw-
(etymology 5)n-,ny-

Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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m- (pluralwa-)

m class_(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostlypeople
mtotomzuri ―a nice child
mnyamamnono ―a fat animal
1. Forms the name of somebody who does something, has a certain characteristic, or is from a certain place.
  ‎m- + ‎Kenya → ‎Mkenya(“person from Kenya”)
  ‎m- + ‎zee(“old”) → ‎mzee(“old person”)

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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m- (pluralmi-)

m class_(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostlyplants andinanimate natural things
mtimrefu ―a tall tree
mfanomzuri ―a nice example
1. Forms the name of a plant from its fruit.
  ‎m- + ‎chungwa(“orange”) → ‎mchungwa(“orange tree”)
u class_(XI) adjective agreement prefix
ulimimrefu ―a long tongue

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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you,2nd person plural subject concord
Antonym:ham-
verb-initial form of-m-(“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) object concord”)

**Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class_(I/II))**
	person	independent	subject concord	object concord	combined forms	possessive
affirmative	negative	na	ndi-	si-
singular	first	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, namimi	ndimi,ndiye	simi,siye	-angu
second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, nawewe	ndiwe,ndiye	siwe,siye	-ako
third	yeye	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	naye, nayeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
plural	first	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, nasisi	ndisi,ndio	sio	-etu
second	ninyi	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, naninyi	ndinyi,ndio	sinyi,sio	-enu
third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
reflexive	—	—	-ji-	—	—
For a full table including other classes, seeAppendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 4

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ́-.

Prefix

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therein,mu class_(XVIII) subject concord
Antonym:ham-

**Swahili verbal concords (third person)**
class	subject concord	object concord	relative
affirmative	negative
m_(I)	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-mu-	-mo

Etymology 5

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FromProto-Bantu*ǹ-, labialized before labial consonants.

Prefix

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m- (pluralm-)

n class_(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, including for plurals of someu class_(XI) nouns, used before labial consonants
mvuambaya ―bad rain
‎ubavu(“rib, side”) → ‎mbavu(“ribs, sides”)

Swazi

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Xhosa

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Etymology

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord.

Ye'kwana

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Alternative forms

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mi-(allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key):[m-]

Prefix

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Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person agent/subject.
Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument as having a second-person argument/subject.

Usage notes

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The formm- is used with stems that start with a vowel;mi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel,mi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

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Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-,∅-,ü-,u-¹						w-,wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-								k-,kii-,ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-,öy-/ödh-,o-,oy-/odh-,a-,ay-/adh-							m-,mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-,ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	n-,ni-	n-,ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-,kun-,kin-,ken-,küm-,kum-,kim-,kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-,tü-,tu-,ti-,te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
second person > first person	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

References

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Cáceres, Natalia (2011)Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages180–181

Zulu

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Etymology 1

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Prefix

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Class 1 simple noun prefix; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 2

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Prefix

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ḿ-

him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3

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Prefix

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Class 3 simple noun prefix; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 4

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Prefix

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Class 9 simple noun prefix; form ofn- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

References

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C. M. Doke,B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “m-”, inZulu-English Dictionary,→ISBN: “m-”

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=m-&oldid=82753471"

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m-

Translingual

Prefix

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

English

Prefix

See also

Albanian

Prefix

Basque

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

References

Egyptian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Alternative forms

Derived terms

References

Kamba

Alternative forms

Prefix

Northern Ndebele

Prefix

Old Irish

Prefix

Derived terms

See also

Southern Ndebele

Prefix

Swahili

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

See also

Etymology 3

Prefix

See also

Etymology 4

Prefix

See also

Etymology 5

Prefix

Swazi

Prefix

Xhosa

Etymology

Prefix

Ye'kwana

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Inflection

References

Zulu

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Etymology 4

Prefix

References