• enPR:ûr,IPA^(key):/ɜː/

• Audio(Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ɜː(r)
• Used innon-rhotic dialects. Compareuh.

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

er

1. (informal)Said whenhesitating in speech.

   Synonyms:ah,eh,erm,uh,um

   • 2012, Linda Miller,Desire and Destiny:

     If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.

   • 2019 December 10,Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), inShovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1),Nintendo Switch:

     Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' /Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I,ER, STUDY YOU?'

er (third-person singular simple presenters,present participleerring,simple past and past participleerred)

1. (informal,transitive,intransitive) Toutter the worder whenhesitating inspeech.

   Synonyms:ah,eh,um;hem and haw

   um ander

   He ummed anderred his way through the presentation.

er (pluralers)

1. The name of theCyrillic script letterР /р.

• 're,RE,Re,Ré,r.e.,re,re-

• IPA^(key):/æːr/

• Audio:

  (file)

er (pluralerreorers,diminutiveerretjie)

1. The name of theLatin-script letterR/r.

FromMiddle High Germanër, fromOld High Germanër, fromProto-Germanic*iz. Cognate withGermaner.

er m

1. (personal)he;it

• ea(phonetic spelling)
• a(unstressed form)

FromMiddle High Germanër, fromOld High Germanër(“he”). Cognate withGermaner.

• IPA^(key):/eɐ̯/

er

1. he

er

1. Contraction ofeur(“in a(n)”).
2. Contraction ofear(“in the”).

• èar(Sette Comuni)

FromMiddle High Germanër, fromOld High Germanër, fromProto-West Germanic*iʀ(“he, it”), fromProto-Germanic*iz(“he, she, it, they”). Cognate withGermaner.

er

1. (Luserna)he,it

• “er” inCimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*per-(“in front”). SeeWelsher.

• IPA^(key):[ɛr]

er

1. for,by,on account of

• erbynn(“by, against”)
• er kov(“in memory of”)
• mos er y bynn(“address”)

FromOld Cornisher, fromProto-Celtic*eriros(“eagle”) (compareBretonerer,Welsheryr,Old Irishirar), fromProto-Indo-European*h₃érō(“large bird”).

• (Revived Middle Cornish)IPA^(key):[ɛːr]
• (Revived Late Cornish)IPA^(key):[eːr]

er m (pluraleryonoreres)

1. eagle

• her

FromMiddle Cornisher, borrowed fromMiddle Englisheir, fromAnglo-Normanheir, fromLatinhērēs.

er m (pluralerys)

1. heir

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related toarlais? not in GM”)

er m (dualdewer,pluraleryow)

1. (anatomy)temple

FromProto-Celtic*sagro-. Cognate withWelshhaer.

er m

1. challenge,defiance,stubbornness,insistence,heresy

See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

er

1. Soft mutation ofger.

• “er” inCornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

er

1. every

• IPA^(key):[ˈɛr]

er n (indeclinable)

1. The name of theLatin-script letterR/r.

• “er”, inPříruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech),1935–1957
• “er”, inSlovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech),1960–1971, 1989

FromOld Danishær,Proto-Germanic*izum, *izud, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁es-(“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

• IPA^(key):/ɛr/,[ɛɐ̯],[ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

er

1. present ofvære

• IPA^(key):/ɛr/,/ər/,/dər/

• Audio:

  (file)

Weak form ofder, the unstressed form ofdaar ("there")

er

1. there(unspecific to distance)
2. pronominal adverb form ofhet:it;him,her,them

   Ik hebermee gewerkt.

   I have workedwith it/them.

   Je kunter de bergenboven zien.

   You can see the mountainsabove it/them.

• Er is an unstressed variety ofhier anddaar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
• With a preposition,er is used instead ofhem,haar,het,ze to create apronominal adverb. See alsoCategory:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

• Petjo:d'r

FromOld Dutchiro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

er

1. (partitive pronoun)ofthem,ofthose (often not translated in English)

   Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heber twee.

   My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)

   Ik zieer geen meer.

   I don't see any more (of them).

• ervan

SeeCategory:Dutch pronominal adverbs

• daar
• hier
• waar

• er zijn

• re

• IPA^(key):/eːɹ/

er

1. third-personsingularindicativepresent ofvera

   Hanner skipari.

   He is a captain/skipper.

   Honer úr Føroyum.

   She is from the Faroe Islands.

   Taðer í ordan.

   It's all right.

• IPA^(key):/jeɾ/

Inherited fromOld Anatolian Turkishیر(yẹr),Proto-Turkic*yẹr. CompareTurkish andAzerbaijaniyer.

• yer(dated, pronunciation spelling)
• Er

er (definite accusativeeri,pluralerlär)

1. theground

   erdän bulduunu idi ―he ate what he took from theground

   erä düşmää ―to fall to theground

2. soil,country,land

   GagauzEri ―GagauzLand

3. earth
4. (astronomy, sometimes capitalized) theEarth

   Synonyms:toprak,dünnää

5. place,location

Inherited fromOld Anatolian Turkishایر(eyer), fromProto-Turkic*ēder. CompareTurkisheyer.

• eer

er (definite accusativeeri,pluralerlär)

1. saddle

   Synonym:semer

• Baboglu, N. İ., Baboglu, İ. İ. (1993) “ер”, inGagauzça-Rusça hem Rusça Gagauzça Şkola Sözlüü [Gagauz-Russian and Russian-Gagauz School Dictionary], Chișinău: Vivat,→ISBN, page31
• Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “er”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page31
• Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “er”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page62
• Çebotar, Petri, Dron, Ion (2002) “er”, inGagauzça-Rusça-Romınca Sözlük [Gagauz-Russian-Romanian Dictionary], Chișinău: Pontos Press,→ISBN, page238
• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ер”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija,→ISBN, page178

FromMiddle High Germanër, fromOld High Germanër, fromProto-West Germanic*iʀ, fromProto-Germanic*iz. In northernMiddle High German andOld High German there also existed forms with initialh-, namely Middle High Germanhër, Old High Germanhër, from Proto-Germanic*hiz, whenceCentral Franconianhä and (from the accusative)Luxembourgishhien. Compare Englishhe. The unusual spellingih- in the formsihm,ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms fromim,in (when*iem,*ien could have been read as*jem,*jen).

• (standard)IPA^(key):/eːr/,[ʔeːɐ̯],[ʔɛɐ̯]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-eːɐ̯
• Homophone:Ehr

• (colloquially in unstressed position)IPA^(key):/ɐ/

er

1. (personal)he.

   Wo ist Klaus? Wo ister? ―Where is Klaus? Where ishe?

   Dies ist mein Hund.Er heißt Waldi. ―This is my dog.His name is Waldi.

2. (personal)it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).

   Dort steht ein Baum.Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ―There stands a tree.It is more than 100 years old.

3. (personal)she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).

   Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aberer kam nicht weit. ―In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, butshe didn’t get very far.

4. (personal,archaic)Alternative spelling ofEr(you (polite))
   • (Can wedate this quote?),Clemens Brentano,Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In:1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor),Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:

     Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, geheer doch nach Haus und beteer fein und legeer ſich ſchlafen.

     Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.

   • 1837,Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, inKinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎^[1], page27:

     Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, beiihm werd ich nicht satt, willer mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.

     Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. Ifyou bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

• In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
  • for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs:Ich erbarmte michseiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
  • with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such asstatt ("instead of, in place of"):Ich kam stattseiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reasonan seiner Statt oran seiner Stelle is preferable.)
• Older forms/spellings include:
  • jm(dative; 16th century),jn(accusative; 16th century) – distinguished fromim(“in the, into the”) andin(“in, into”)
  • ihme(dative)

• hatter(hat er; colloquial)

• “er” inDuden online
• “er” inDeutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
• “er” inDigitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

• ëyer(Wiesemann spelling system)

FromOld High Germaner, fromProto-Germanic*iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms withh-, e.g.hē,her (seehe).

• IPA^(key):/ˈɛɐ/

er

1. he

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

• IPA^(key):/ɛːr/

FromOld Norseer(“is”,3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlieres, fromProto-Germanic*isti, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms iner-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form wasem.

er

1. first-personsingularindicativepresent ofvera

   Égerskemmtilegur.

   Iamfun (masculine)

   Hvererég?

   Whoam I?

2. third-personsingularindicativepresent ofvera

   Veiteinhverhvarpabbiminner?

   Doesanybodyknowwhere mydadis?

   Hvererhann?

   Whoishe?

FromOld Norseer, fromProto-Germanic*iz(“he”), fromProto-Indo-European*ís(“he, that”).

er

1. (relative)which

   Maðurersá,erJónheitir.

   Thereis amanwho is namedJohn.

   Konan,erhannvar aðtala við.

   Thewoman towhomhewastalking.

   Þettaerborgin,erhannkomfrá.

   This is thecityfromwhich heoriginated.

   Bærinn,erhúnætlartil.

   Thetown towhich she's heading.

2. (archaic) in relations with ademonstrative pronoun (this,that,these) orpersonal pronoun (I,we,they), which represents the genitive of arelative pronoun

   Það ersú bók,ermenn þekkja eigihöfund hennar.

   There is a bookwhoseauthor people don't know.

er

1. (with an "indexical";ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
   • Judges 2:19

     Ener dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.

     Butwhen the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.

   Þarer ég kom.

   Therewhence I came.

   Þáer myndin var búin.

   When the movie was finished.

• þá er þegar

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “er”, inA Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at theInternet Archive

FromDutcher.

• IPA^(key):/ɛr/,[ɛr]

èr (pluraler-er)

1. The name of theLatin-script letterR/r.

• ar(Standard Malay)

• (Latin-script letter names)huruf;a,be,ce,de,e,ef,ge,ha,i,je,ka,el,em,en,o,pe,ki,er,es,te,u,ve,we,eks,ye,zet

• “er” inKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

• (Rome)IPA^(key):/(e)ɾ/

er m sg

1. (Roman)Dialectal form ofel,whence modernil

• In modern times, the initiale- survives mostly only when the article precedes a word beginning withr- (or more rarely even when the previous word ends in a consonant), such as ine’resto(“thechange”) where a hypothetical**rresto(“change”) would be unacceptable because of its homophony withresto since geminatedr’s don't exist in Roman; this is also reflected in the writing where thee- is omitted, as inrcane(“thedog”).

er

1. presentindicative ofvara

• ler(ラー)(-rā)

FromEnglish-er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

• IPA^(key):[a̠ː]

er(アー)• (-ā) 

1. (slang)Suffix used for people, especially fans.

• ist(イスト)(-isuto)

• 難波功士[Koji Nanba] (2006) “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in関西学院大学社会学部紀要‎^[2], number100, pages181–189

er

1. water

FromProto-Italic*hēr, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰḗr(“hedgehog”) (whence alsoAncient Greekχήρ(khḗr,“hedgehog”)), a root noun from*ǵʰer-(“to be excited, be bristly”), whence alsoAncient Greekχοῖρος(khoîros,“young pig”) andAlbanianderr(“pig”) from*ǵʰór-yos.^[1]

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key):/ˈeːr/,[ˈeːr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key):/ˈer/,[ˈɛr]

ēr m (genitiveēris);third declension

1. hedgehog

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this wasēr orēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form,irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus,Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Third-declension noun.

• ēricius(“hedgehog; picket”)

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key):/ˈer/,[ˈɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key):/ˈer/,[ˈɛr]

er f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letterR.

• Multiple Latin names for the letterR,r have been suggested. The most common iser or asyllabicr, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter,rē,rrr,ər,rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters)ιρρε(irrhe).

• (Latin-script letter names)littera;ā,bē,cē,dē,ē,ef,gē,hā /*acca,ī,kā,el,em,en,ō,pē,kū,er,es,tē,ū,ix /īx /ex,ȳ /ī graeca /ȳpsīlon,zēta

• "ēr", inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879)A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ēr inGaffiot, Félix (1934)Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Arthur E. Gordon,The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 ofUniversity of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

• IPA^(key):[ɛɾ]

• Audio:

  (file)

er m (invariable)

1. The Latvian name of theLatin script letterR/r.

• Latvian letter names:

  a (A),garais ā (Ā),bē (B),cē (C),čē (Č),dē (D),e (E),garais ē (Ē),ef (F),gā (G),ģē (Ģ),hā (H),i (I),garais ī (Ī),jē (J),kā (K),ķē (Ķ),el (L),eļ (Ļ),em (M),en (N),eņ (Ņ),o (O),pē (P),er (R),es (S),eš (Š),tē (T),u (U),garais ū (Ū),vē (V),zē (Z),žē (Ž)

er

1. Alternative spelling ofehr

• IPA^(key):/ɛr/

er m inan

1. The name of theLatin-script letterr/R.

• (Latin-script letter names)a,bej,cej,čet,ćej,dej,ej,ět,ef,gej,ha,cha,i,jot,ka,eł,el,em,en,ejn,o,pej,er,ejŕ,es,eš,śej,tej,u,wej,y,zet,žet,źej

Possiblyborrowed fromEnglisher or is apronunciation spelling ofa innon-rhotic Malay accents.

• IPA^(key):[ə]

er

1. Used to expresshesitation;er,uh.

   Synonym:a

   Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?

   Er, where are we going?

er

1. water

• Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

er

1. Nonstandard spelling ofēr.
2. Nonstandard spelling ofér.
3. Nonstandard spelling ofěr.
4. Nonstandard spelling ofèr.

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

From a conflation of threeOld Irish prepositions:

1. ar,air(“for”) (triggering lenition), fromProto-Celtic*ɸare(“in front of”), fromProto-Indo-European*pr̥h₂i. Cognates includeAncient Greekπαρά(pará,“beside”) andEnglishfore.
2. for(“on”) (triggering no mutation), fromProto-Celtic*uɸer(“over, on”) (compareWelshar,Bretonwar), fromProto-Indo-European*upér (compareLatinsuper,Ancient Greekὑπέρ(hupér),Old Englishofer).
3. íar(“after”) (triggering eclipsis), fromProto-Celtic*eɸirom(“after, behind”), fromProto-Indo-European*h₁epi.

Cognates includeIrishar andScottish Gaelicair.

er

1. on
2. onto
3. during
4. for

er

1. third-personsingular ofer

   onhim/it

• ersyn(emphatic)

er

1. unstressed form ofdāer

FromOld Englishǣr, fromProto-West Germanic*airi, fromProto-Germanic*airi.

• IPA^(key):/ɛːr/

er

1. early
2. earlier
3. formerly
4. rather

• erly

• English:ere
• Scots:air
• Yola:ear

• “ēr,adv.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved2020-05-25.

er

1. Alternative form ofhire(“her”,genitive)

er

1. Alternative form ofhire(“hers”)

er

1. Alternative form ofhire(“her”,object)

er

1. Alternative form ofeere(“ear of grain”)

er

1. Alternative form ofhere(“their”)

Inherited fromOld High Germaner, fromProto-Germanic*iz(“he”).

ër

1. (personal)he

• Alemannic German:

  Low Alemannic:

  Alsatian:ar,er,ër

  Badisch:er

  High Alemannic:er,är

  Bernese:är

  Lucerne:aer

  Northeastern:ar

  Walser:är

• Swabian:er,ear

  Swabian Jura:ear

• Bavarian:er
  • Cimbrian:èar,er,ar
  • Mòcheno:er
• Central Franconian:

  Moselle Franconian:er

  • Hunsrik:er,ëyer(Wiesemann spelling system)
• East Central German:

  High Prussian:er

  Silesian East Central German:

  Lower Silesian East Central German:a

  Upper Silesian East Central German:a

  North Moravian:ar

  Thuringian:er

  Central Thuringian:er

  West Thuringian:aa

  Upper Saxon German:är

  Meißnisch:är

  Osterländisch:är

  Erzgebirgisch:aorr

  Lusatian:ar

• German:er

  Berlinerisch:er/ea

• East Franconian:er,ea

  Unterfränkisch:ar

  Hohenlohisch:er

• Rhine Franconian:

  Upper Hessian:er

  Lorraine Franconian:ér,éa

  Palatine German:er

  • Pennsylvania German:er
• Yiddish:ער(er)

• Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, inMittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

FromMiddle High Germanër, fromOld High Germanër, fromProto-West Germanic*iʀ(“he, it”), fromProto-Germanic*iz(“he, she, it, they”). Cognate withGermaner.

er

1. he,it

• “er” inCimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

• IPA^(key):/eːɾ/,[æːɾ]

er

1. present ofvære (=to be)

   Haner ikke hjem. ―Heis not home.

• IPA^(key):/æː(r)/,/eː(r)/

er

1. is, are, am (present ofto be)present ofvera

   Eger framand. ―Iam a stranger.

2. (auxiliary)be

   Bokaer skriven. ―The bookis written

   Bøkeneer skrivne. ―The booksare written.

• “vera” inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “er på engelsk”, inDinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)

FromProto-West Germanic*airi, fromProto-Germanic*airiz.

ēr

1. before, earlier than

• Middle Dutch:êer
  • Dutch:eer
    • Afrikaans:eer
  • Limburgish:ieër

• “ēr (II)”, inOudnederlands Woordenboek,2012

ēr

1. ere,afore

• Middle Dutch:êer
  • Dutch:eer
    • Afrikaans:eer
  • Limburgish:ieër

• “ēr (III)”, inOudnederlands Woordenboek,2012

ēr

1. previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
2. earlier, before a certain time or period

• Middle Dutch:êer

• “ēr (I)”, inOudnederlands Woordenboek,2012

FromProto-West Germanic*airi, fromProto-Germanic*airiz. Cognates includeOld Englishǣr,Old Saxonēr andOld Dutchēr.

• IPA^(key):/ˈeːr/,[ˈɛːr]

ēr

1. earlier,previously

ēr (+ dative)

1. before(of time)

• Saterland Frisian:eer
• West Frisian:ear't

• IPA^(key):/ˈeːr/,[ˈɛːr]

ēr f

1. Alternative form ofēre

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009)An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company,→ISBN

FromProto-West Germanic*airi, fromProto-Germanic*airiz, whence alsoOld Englishær.

• IPA^(key):/eːr/

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. ere,before
2. formerly

ēr

1. before,until

ēr (+dative)

1. before

FromProto-Germanic*aiz, akin toOld Englishār,Old Norseeir.

• IPA^(key):/eːr/

ēr n

1. ore
2. brass

• Middle High German:er
  • Alemannic German:Eer
    • ⇒ Alemannic German:eerig
• ⇒ Old High German:ērīn
  • Middle High German:ērīn
    • German:ehern

FromProto-Germanic*iz(“he”), akin toGothic𐌹𐍃(is,“he”),Latinis(“he”).

• hër(northern)

• IPA^(key):/ɛr/

ër

1. he
   • c. 825,Tatian,Diatessaron,translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.

     […] Bist thu wīzago? intihër antlingota nein[…]

     […] Are you prophet? andhe responded no[…]

• Middle High German:ër (see there for further descendants)

• Joseph Wright,An Old High German Primer

• es,-'s

From earlieres, fromProto-Germanic*iz(“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate withGothic𐌹𐍃(is),Old High Germanēr (Germaner).

er

1. who,which,that
   • verse 76 of theHávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)

     en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveimer sér góðan getr

     but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the manwho can get himself a good one

er

1. where
2. when

   Ener hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin

   andwhen he died, the whole world cried.

• Icelandic:er
• Faroese:er
• Old Swedish:ær

• The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older formes, and many poems metrically require the contracted form-s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th centuryCodex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restoreer toes, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

From earlieres, fromProto-Norseᛁᛊᛏ(ist), fromProto-Germanic*isti,first/third-personsingularindicativepresent of*wesaną. The final-s was replaced by-r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

er

2. third-personsingularindicativepresent ofvera

• See above; the same rules apply.

• Icelandic:er
• Faroese:er
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål:er
  • Norwegian Nynorsk:er
• Jamtish:er
• Elfdalian:ir
• Old Swedish:ær
  • Swedish:är
• Danish:er
• Old Gutnish:ier

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “er”, inA Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at theInternet Archive

FromProto-Indo-European*h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate withLithuanianar̃(“also, if”),Latvianar(“also”),Ancient Greekἄρ(ár,“hence, as well as”).

er +(optionally another preposition)

1. until,to,up to

• ergi

er

1. as well as

• er-

• Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, inPrūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[3] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages282-283

• IPA^(key):/ɛːr/

FromProto-West Germanic*airi, whence alsoOld Englishær.

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. before,ere
2. formerly

ēr

1. before

ēr (+dative)

1. before

FromProto-Germanic*aiz, whence alsoOld Englishār.

ēr ?

1. copper,bronze
2. ore

• Middle Low German:ēr

FromProto-Germanic*airuz. Cognate withOld Englishār,Old Norseárr,Gothic𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃(airus).

ēr m

1. messenger,herald

Back-formation fromera(“name”).^[1]

• IPA^(key):/ˈɛɾ/
• Rhymes:-ɛɾ
• Hyphenation:er

er (IIa class pluriform,R1rer,R2ser,noun formera)

1. named; having aname