FromMiddle Englishdon, fromOld Englishdōn, fromProto-West Germanic*dōn, fromProto-Germanic*dōną, fromProto-Indo-European*dʰeh₁-(“to put, place, do, make”).

For senses 4 and 5, compareOld Norseduga, whenceDanishdu.

The past tense form is fromMiddle Englishdidde,dude, fromOld Englishdyde,*diede, an unexpected development fromProto-Germanic*dedǭ/*dedē (the expected reflex would be*ded), fromProto-Indo-European*dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root*dʰeh₁-.

The meaningless use ofdo in interrogative, negative, and affirmative sentences (e.g. "Do you like painting?" "Yes, Ido"), existing in some form in most Germanic languages,^[1] is thought by some linguists to be one of theBrittonicisms in English, calqued fromBrythonic.^[2] It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked theperfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to beimperfective. InEarly Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations.

Doublets includedeed,deem, and-dom, but notdeal.

Other cognates include, via Latin,Englishfeast,festival,fair(“celebration”), via Greek,Englishtheo-,theme,thesis, andSanskritदधाति(dadhāti,“to put”),धातृ(dhātṛ,“creator”) andधातु(dhātu,“layer, element, root”).

• (stressed)enPR:do͞o,IPA^(key):/duː/
  • (UK)IPA^(key):/duː/

    • Audio(Southern England):

      (file)

  • (US,Canada)IPA^(key):/du/

    • Audio(US):

      (file)

  • (General Australian,New Zealand)IPA^(key):/dʉː/

    • Audio(General Australian):

      (file)

• (unstressed, before a consonant)IPA^(key):/də/

  • Audio(US):

    (file)

• (unstressed, before a vowel)IPA^(key):/dʊ/
• (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/)IPA^(key):/d͡ʒ/. Seed'you.
• Rhymes:-uː
• Homophones:doo,Doubs,doux
• Homophones:dew,due(yod-dropping)

do (third-person singular simple presentdoes,present participledoing,simple pastdid,past participledone)

2. (auxiliary)Asyntacticmarker.
   1. (auxiliary)Asyntacticmarker in aquestion whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb orbe.

      Do you go there often?

      You seldom work on Saturdays,do you?

   2. (auxiliary)A syntactic marker innegations with theindicative andimperative moods.

      Ido not go there often.

      Do not listen to him.

      • 1897 December (indicated as1898),Winston Churchill, chapter IV, inThe Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.:The Macmillan Company; London:Macmillan & Co., Ltd.,→OCLC,page51:

        “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So youdo not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   3. (auxiliary)A syntactic marker foremphasis with the indicative, imperative, andsubjunctive moods.

      But Ido go sometimes.

      Do tell us.

      That's not true: I alwaysdo say please and thank-you.

      So whodid marry the Princess in the end?

      • 1913,Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, inMr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London:D[aniel] Appleton and Company,→OCLC:

        “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but Ido know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it.[…]”

      • 1950, C. S. Lewis,The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe:

        "Do stop it," said Susan; "it won't make things any better having a row between you two. Let's go and find Lucy."

   4. (pro-verb)A syntactic marker thatrefers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such asbe, though it can be inAAVE.

      Iplay tennis; shedoes too.

      Likes her capuccino, Marydoes.

      Your remarks piqued my curiosity, as itdid my mom's too.

      They don't think itbe like it is, but itdo.(nonstandard)

      • 1930,George Gershwin,Ira Gershwin,Embraceable You:

        Don't be a naughty baby,
        Come to papa, come to papa,do!
        My sweet embraceable you.

   5. (auxiliary,archaic,dialectal)Used to form thepresent progressive of verbs.
      • 1844, William Barnes, “Evenén in the Village”, inPoems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

        ...An' the dogsdo bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the waterdo roar at mill.

4. (transitive) Toperform; toexecute.

   Synonyms:accomplish,carry out,functionate

   If you want something done,do it yourself.

   All you everdo is surf the Internet. What will youdo this afternoon?

   • 2013 June 21,Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, inThe Guardian Weekly, volume189, number 2, page48:

     The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends aredoing",[…]and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

5. (obsolete,transitive) Tocause ormake (someone) (do something).
   • 1490,William Caxton, “Prologue”, inEneydos (in Middle English); republished asCaxton's Eneydos, London: Early English Text Society,1890,page 2:

     And also my lorde abbot of westmynsterded do shewe to me late, certayn euydences wryton in olde englysshe[…]

     (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London:[…] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC, stanza 7,page258:

     Sometimes todo him laugh, ſhe would aſſay / To laugh at ſhaking off the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke[…]

   • 1591,Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, inComplaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London:[…]William Ponsonbie, […],→OCLC:

     Emongſt the reſt a wicked maladie / Raign’d emongſt men, that maniedid to die,[…]

   • 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London:[…]Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,2 Corinthians8:1, column 1:

     MOreouer, brethren, weedo you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God beſtowed on the Churches of Macedonia,[…]

7. (intransitive,transitive) Tosuffice.

   it’s not the best broom, but it will have todo;  this willdo me, thanks.

   • 1897 December (indicated as1898),Winston Churchill, chapter IV, inThe Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.:The Macmillan Company; London:Macmillan & Co., Ltd.,→OCLC,page51:

     “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he woulddo splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   • 1922,Margery Williams,The Velveteen Rabbit:

     "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'lldo to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.

8. (intransitive) To bereasonable oracceptable.

   It simply will notdo to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.

9. (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).

   The fresh airdid him some good.

10. (intransitive) Tofare,perform (well or poorly).

    Our relationship isn'tdoing very well;  how do youdo?

    • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, inThe Economist, volume408, number8845:

      Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy woulddo well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

    1. (especiallyEngland,intransitive) Tofare well; tothrive; toprosper; (of livestock) tofatten.
       • 1908 September 21, “The fatteningbeast”, inMark Lane Express Agricultural Journal‎^[3], page340:

         A big framed beast takes a lot of food — expensive food at that [—] to keep itdoing[…]

       • 1971,George Ewart Evans, quoting ploughman Charles Last (born 1878),Tools of Their Trades: An Oral History of Men at Work c. 1900‎^[4], Taplinger Publishing Company,→ISBN, page68:

         That farm would go like a rick a-fire. It woulddo: it would go forward and prosper and make him his money.

11. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.

    What does Bobdo? — He's a plumber.

12. (transitive) Toperform thetasks oractions associated with (something).

    Don't forget todo your report!

13. (transitive) Tocook.

    Synonyms:seeThesaurus:cook

    I'll justdo some eggs.

    • 1889,Jerome K. Jerome,Three Men in a Boat[…]‎^[5]:

      It seemed, from his account, that he was very good atdoing scrambled eggs.

    • 1944, “News from the Suburbs”, inPunch‎^[6]:

      We went down below, and the galley-slavedid some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.

    • 2005, Alan Tansley,The Grease Monkey,page99:

      Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice,did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.

14. (transitive) Totravel in, totour, to make acircuit of.
    • 1869,Louisa M[ay] Alcott, “Our Foreign Correspondent”, inLittle Women: […], part second, Boston, Mass.:Roberts Brothers,→OCLC,page115:

      We 'did' London to our hearts' content,—thanks to Fred and Frank,—and were sorry to go away;[…]

    • 1892, James Batchelder,Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder‎^[7], page97:

      Afterdoing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London[…]

    • 1968 July 22, Ralph Schoenstein, “Nice Place to Visit”, inNew York Magazine‎^[8], page28:

      No tourist can get credit for seeing America first withoutdoing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker[…]

    Let’sdo New York also.

15. (transitive) Totreat in a certain way.
    • 1894,Harper's New Monthly Magazine‎^[9], volume87, page59, column 1:

      Theydid me well, I assure you—uncommon well: Bollinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince;[…]

    • 1928,Dorothy L[eigh] Sayers, “The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers”, inLord Peter Views the Body:

      Upon my word, although he [my host] certainlydid me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.

    • 1994, Jervey Tervalon,Understand This‎^[10],→ISBN, page50:

      "Why you gonnado me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."

    • 2023, “Christmas, Why You Gotta Do Me Like This”, performed byEels:

      Christmas, why you gottado me like this / I always embraced you / Held you close inside my heart

16. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
    • 2018, Kate Atkinson,Transcription,→ISBN, page291:

      The woman-who-did did notdo very well, Juliet thought.

17. (intransitive,obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London:[…]Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,2 Kings17:34, column 2:

      Vnto this day theydoe after the former manners: they feare not theLord, neitherdoe they after their Statutes, or after their Ordinances, or after the Law and Commaundement which theLord commaunded the children of Iacob, whom hee named Iſrael,[…]

18. (transitive) To spend (time) injail. (See alsodo time)

    Synonym:serve

    Idid five years for armed robbery.

19. (transitive) Toimpersonate ordepict.

    Synonyms:imitate,personate,take off

    They really laughed when hedid Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.

20. (transitive, with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) Tocopy oremulate the actions orbehaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned.

    Hedid a Henry VIII and got married six times.

    He was planning todo a9/11.

21. (transitive,slang) Tokill.

    Synonyms:do in,murder,off,rub out;see alsoThesaurus:kill

    • 1984,William Gibson,Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books,→ISBN,page22:

      Case pulled the .22 out of his pocket and levelled it at Wage's crotch. “I hear you wannado me.”

    • 2003 August 17,George Pelecanos, “Bad Dreams” (43:27 from the start), inThe Wire, season 2, episode11 (television production), spoken byOmar Little (Michael K. Williams), via HBO:

      About a year ago, a boy name Brandon got got here in Baltimore. Stuck and burned before he passed.[…] Wasn't no need for y'all todo him the way y'all did.

    • 2004, Patrick Stevens,Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon‎^[11],→ISBN, page314:

      He's gonnado me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonnado me proper.

    • 2007, E.J. Churchill,The Lazarus Code,page153:

      The order came and Idid him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.

22. (transitive,slang) Todeal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; toruin; todo for.
    • 1870,Charles Reade,Put Yourself in His Place:

      Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull,[…] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they calldoing him.

23. (transitive,informal) Topunish for amisdemeanor.

    He gotdone for speeding.

    Teacher'lldo you for that!

24. (transitive,slang) Tohave sex with. (See alsodo it)

    Synonyms:go to bed with,sleep with;see alsoThesaurus:copulate with

    • c.1588–1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare],The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus: […] (First Quarto), London:[…] Iohn Danter, and are to be sold byEdward White &Thomas Millington, […], published1594,→OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

      Deme. Villaine what haſt thou done?
      A. That which thou canſt not vndoe.
      Chiron. Thou haſt vndone our mother.
      Aron. Villaine I hauedone thy mother.

    • 1996, James Russell Kincaid,My Secret Life,page81:

      […] one day Idid her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.

    • 2008, Donna Hill,On the Line‎^[12], page84:

      The uninhibited woman within wanted todo him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.

25. (transitive) Tocheat orswindle.

    Synonyms:defraud,diddle,mug off,rip off,scam;see alsoThesaurus:deceive

    That guy justdid me out of two hundred bucks!

    • 1852,Thomas De Quincey,Sir William Hamilton:

      He was not to bedone, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.

26. (transitive) Toconvert into a certain form; especially, totranslate.

    the novel has just beendone into English;  I'm going todo this play into a movie

27. (transitive,intransitive) Tofinish.
28. (stock exchange) Tocash or toadvance money for, as a bill or note.
29. (informal,transitive,ditransitive) Tomake orprovide.

    Synonyms:furnish,give,supply;see alsoThesaurus:give

    Do theydo haircuts there?

    Could youdo me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?

30. (informal,transitive) Toinjure (one's own body part).
    • 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, inThe Irish Times‎^[13], retrieved2015-07-21:

      "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he'sdone his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."

    • 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, inESPNcricinfo‎^[14], retrieved2015-07-21:

      "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, anddo a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."

    • 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, inAFL.com.au‎^[15], retrieved2015-07-21:

      "'I knew straight away I'ddone my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."

31. (transitive) To take (adrug).

    Ido cocaine.

32. (transitive, in the formbe doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.

    What's that cardoing in our swimming pool?

33. (informal,transitive) Todrive avehicle at a certainspeed, especially in regard to aspeed limit.

    He wasdoing 50 [miles per hour] in a school zone.

• In older forms of English, when the pronounthou was in active use, this verb possessed second-person singular present indicative formsdost anddoest, and a second-person singular past indicative formdidst.
• Similarly, when the ending-eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, this verb possessed third-person singular present indicative formsdoth anddoeth.
• There was a tendency to use the shorter formsdost anddoth as auxiliaries, anddoest anddoeth elsewhere.

• don't

• Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take

do (pluraldosordo'sor(uncommon)doos)

1. (UK,informal) Aparty,celebration,socialfunction; usually of moderatesize andformality.

   Synonyms:get-together;see alsoThesaurus:party

   We’re having a bit of ado on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.

   • 1980, Jona Lewie, Keef Trouble, “You'll Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, performed byJona Lewie:

     She was into French cuisine but I ain't no Cordon Bleu / This was at somedo in Palmers Green, I had no luck with her

   • 1980 December 13, Mitzel, “Dale Barbre's Murder Transformed”, inGay Community News, volume 8, number21, page13:

     A gross-gutted, bulb-nosed, bourbon-stanky Boston flatfoot in plain clothes wrinkled white sox, with a race track tip-sheet stuffed in his back pocket tryingreal hard to mingle unnoticed at an elegant Buddies "do" to glean inside-dope.

   • 2013 September 13,Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards”, inThe Guardian‎^[16]:

     […]; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a poshdo, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.

3. (informal)Clipping ofhairdo.

   Alternative form:'do

   Nicedo!

   I don't like to spend time on my hairstyle, so I usually just wear ado-rag.

   • 2012, Hannah Richell,The Secrets of the Tides,→ISBN, page464:

     I like the newdo.

4. (chiefly fossilized) Something that can or should be done.

   Antonym:don't

   Don’t forget thedos and don’ts.

   • 1916,Eleanor H. Porter, chapter VIII, inJust David‎^[17]:

     With the coming of Monday arrived a new life for David—a curious life full of "don'ts" and "dos."

5. (chieflyobsolete, fossilized in theUK) Something that has been done.

   "How come you quit?" "I'm moving to London." "Fairdos."

6. (archaic)Ado;bustle;stir;to-do; Aperiod ofconfusion orargument.

   Synonym:to-do

   • 1689,John Selden,Table Talk:

     A great deal ofdo, and a great deal of trouble.

7. (obsolete,UK,slang) Acheat; aswindler.
8. (obsolete,UK,slang) An act ofswindling; afraud ordeception.
9. (UK,slang) Ahomicide.
   • 2020 December 4, “No fibs” (1:34 from the start), in (Zone 2) Karma × Trizzac (lyrics),Demented:

     Get it done, no not properly
     Them man thought that they got me
     True, I came back like a fucking zombie
     Attempteddo with the ching
     Have an opp boy say “please don’t chong me!”

• For the plural of the noun, the spellingdos would be correct;do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect.

Coined by Italian musicologistGiovanni Battista Doni in 1635 as an easier-to-singopen-syllable revision to the solmizationut of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable ofLatinDominus(“TheLord”) (speculated by some to be an ulterior abbreviation ofGiovanni BattistaDoni) on the pattern of other Latinatesolfège with the stated justification thatGod is the tonic and root of the world.

• doh,Do

• (UK)enPR:dō,IPA^(key):/dəʊ/
• (US)enPR:dō,IPA^(key):/doʊ/

• Audio(US):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-əʊ
• Homophones:doe,dough,d'oh

do (pluraldos)

1. (music) Asyllable used insolfège to represent the first and eighthtonic of amajor scale.

   Synonym:(archaic)ut

Short forditto.

• do.

do (notcomparable)

1. (archaic)Abbreviation ofditto.^[3]

Shortening ofdozen.

• (UK)enPR:dō,IPA^(key):/dəʊ/
• (US)enPR:dō,IPA^(key):/doʊ/

do

1. Thecardinal number occurring afterel and beforedo one in aduodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12.

• gro,mo

• “do”, inOneLook Dictionary Search.

• O.D.,OD,O&D,od,Od,O/D

• don —Gheg

• IPA^(key):/do/,[do],[dɔ]

do

1. second/third-personsingularpresentindicative ofdua; “you want/love”, “he/she/it wants/loves”

FromHindiदो(do).

• IPA^(key):/do/

do (Bengali scriptদো)

1. two

• ni
• rongni
• tu

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015.Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online:https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3.

• IPA^(key):[dòꜜò]

do

1. group

• 2007.The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

do

1. water

• The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986,→ISBN)

FromMiddle High Germandoch, fromOld High Germandoh, fromProto-West Germanic*þauh, fromProto-Germanic*þauh. Cognates includeGermandoch,Dutchdoch,Yiddishדאָך(dokh),Luxembourgishdach,Englishthough,Old Norseþó,Gothic𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷(þauh).

• IPA^(key):/d̥oː/

do

1. Expresses a contrast
   1. Contradicts what may be believed and/or emphasises a certainty:certainly,but,really,just(always unstressed)

      Mia sando kane Trottln. ―Wecertainly are no idiots.

      Des Gschäft håddo zugsperrt. ―But the shop has closed down.

      Den kenn ido! ―I do know him.

      I wuido nur wissa, wo's då auße geht. ―Ireally just want to know where the exit is.

   2. Emphasis on a different outcome than expected:after all,in the end(always stressed)

      Mia sando kane Trottln. ―We are no idiotsafter all.

      Des Gschäft håddo zugsperrt. ―The shop has closed downafter all.

      I håb's versuacht, owa dånndo ned gschåfft. ―I've tried, butin the end I failed.

do

1. one

FromLatindōnum(“gift”).

• (traditional)IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈdo]
• (more commonly)IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈdɔ]

do m (pluraldons)

1. gift
2. talent

Borrowed fromItaliando.

• (originally, Italianate)IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈdɔ]
• (more commonly)IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈdo]

do m (pluraldos)

1. (music)do (first note of diatonic scale)

See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

• IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈdo]

do

1. (obsolete)first-personsingularpresentindicative ofdar

FromOld High Germandār(“there”).

• IPA^(key):/dɔː/

do

1. here;there; in this or that place

FromOld High Germanduo(“then”), variant ofdo, dō. CompareGermanda,Dutchtoen.

• du,dunn(southern Moselle Francoinan)

• IPA^(key):/doː/(traditional)
• IPA^(key):/dɔː/(now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)

do

1. (Ripuarian, northernMoselle Franconian)then; back then(at a certain time in the past)

FromOld High Germandu.

• du(many dialects)
• dou(some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
• de(unstressed form)

• IPA^(key):/doː/

do

1. (few dialects, includingKölsch)thou;you (singular)

FromEnglishdo. Resemblance toTaishanese做(du¹,“to do”) is probably coincidence.

do(Hong Kong Cantonese)

1. todo
2. towork
3. (euphemistic) tohave sex

• 做(zou⁶)

• Bolton, Kingsley, Hutton, Christopher (2005)A Dictionary of Cantonese Slang: The Language of Hong Kong Movies, Street Gangs and City Life, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press,→ISBN, page100
• English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

Inherited fromOld Czechdo, fromProto-Slavic*do.

• IPA^(key):[ˈdo]

• Audio:

  (file)

do [withgenitive]

1. into,in(to the inside of)

   Vešeldo místnosti. ―He walked into the room.

   Dostala se jí vodado bot. ―Water got in her boots.

2. to,in(in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)

   Jdemedo obchodu. ―We are walking to the shop.

   Přiletěli jsmedo New Yorku. ―We arrived in New York.

3. until(up to the time of)

   Zůstal tam aždo neděle. ―He stayed there until Sunday.

4. by(at some time before the given time)

   Ať jsi zpátkydo desíti! ―Be back by ten o'clock!

5. to,in(physical blows "to" a body part)

   Dohlavyne! ―Don’t hit mein the head!

   Oběťbylapobodánadobřicha ―Victim has stab woundsto the stomach.

6. to,up to(extreme limit, all the way up to)

   Budeme sitopamatovatdoposledníhodechu ―We will remember ittill our last breath.

• “do”, inPříruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech),1935–1957
• “do”, inSlovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech),1960–1971, 1989

FromItaliando(“the note”).

• IPA^(key):/doː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation:do
• Rhymes:-oː

do m orf (pluraldo's)

1. do, the musical note
2. (Belgium)C, the musical note

• ut(archaic)

• (notes):re,mi,fa,sol,la,si;bee,kruis,mol

• IPA^(key):/do/
• Rhymes:-o
• Hyphenation: do

do (accusative singulardo-on,pluraldo-oj,accusative pluraldo-ojn)

1. The name of theLatin-script letterD/d.

• (Latin-script letter names)litero;a,bo,co,ĉo,do,e,fo,go,ĝo,ho,ĥo,i,jo,ĵo,ko,lo,mo,no,o,po,ro,so,ŝo,to,u,ŭo,vo,zo

FromFrenchdonc, possibly viaapheresis ofLatinadtunc (seeadonc). CompareItaliandunque,Romanianatunci,Spanishentonces.

do

2. therefore,then,so (with conclusion),indeed,however

• du(Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

FromOld Galician-Portuguesedo, equivalent tode(“of”) +‎o(masculine singular definite article).

do m sg (pluraldos,feminineda,feminine pluraldas)

1. (Mañegu)ofthe
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar,Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

     I si “a patriado homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

     And if “a man’s homeland[i.e. “homelandof the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021)Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[18], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published2022,→ISBN

Borrowed fromItaliando.

• IPA^(key):/toː/
• Rhymes:-oː

do n (genitive singulardos, pluraldo)

1. (music)do

• IPA^(key):/do/

• Audio(Paris):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-o

do m (pluraldo)

1. (music)do, the note 'C'

   Synonym:ut

• “do”, inTrésor de la langue française informatisé[Digitized Treasury of the French Language],2012.

From contraction of prepositionde(“of, from”) + masculine definite articleo(“the”).

• IPA^(key):/d̪ʊː/

do m (feminineda,masculine pluraldos,feminine pluraldas)

1. ofthe;from the;'s

   cabalodo demo ―demon's horse ("dragonfly")

• “o”, inDicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña:Royal Galician Academy,2012–2025
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “do”, inDicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega

• do·o(A·chik)

Glottal stop loss ofdo·o

do(Mandi)

1. bird

• Rhymes:-o

do gender unattestedsingular ofmdo gender unattested

1. roof,rooftop

   Synonyms:də̀m,thə́pà'

   Ě yápdò pà'. ―He/she put on theroof of the house.

do gender unattested

1. singleton

   Synonym:dǒ?

   Do pǎ' lá' pyə. ―There is only one house in our village.

• Erika Eichholzer (editor) et al,Dictionnaire ghomala’ (2002)

FromFrenchdos(“back”).

• IPA^(key):/do/

do

1. (anatomy)back

• too(Wiesemann spelling system)

• IPA^(key):/toː/

do

1. here

   Synonyms:hie,hier

   Die Fraa is nimmido. ―The woman isn'there anymore.

2. then;so

   Synonym:dann

   Do sim-mer fortgesprung. ―Then we fled.

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

do

1. so,therefore

From confusion betweenMiddle Irishro- (in perfect),no- (in imperfect and conditional), anddo- (of many verbs with that preverb), fromOld Irishro-,no-,to- respectively.^[1][2][3][4]

• d’(used before vowels and lenited fh-)

• IPA^(key):/d̪ˠɔ/,/d̪ˠə/

do (triggerslenition)

1. (Munster,literary)prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb

   do mhol sé ―he praised

Reanalysis ofdo(“past tense marker”) and the early modern unstressed preverbdo- of verbs likedo-gheibhim(“I get”),do-chím(“I see”) (and possibly alsoa- ina-tú(“I am”),a-deirim(“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker.^[5]

• IPA^(key):/d̪ˠɔ/,/d̪ˠə/

do (triggerslenition)

1. (Munster,literary)relative marker (in direct relative clauses)

   an cailíndo mholann sé ―the girl that he praises

Before vowel sounds takes the formd’ and is often preceded by the reduced forma:a dh’,a d’:

1. an té a dh’éiríonn go moch, bíonn an rath air ―he who raises early has the prosperity; the early bird catches the worm

FromOld Irishdo, fromProto-Celtic*do(“to, for”).^[6]

• d’(used before vowel sounds)

• IPA^(key):/d̪ˠɔ/,/d̪ˠə/
• (Connacht)IPA^(key):/ɡə/(as if spelledgo;do andgo(“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)
• (Ulster,colloquial)IPA^(key):/ə/,(before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩)/ə.ɣ-/,(before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩)/ə.j-/^[7]

do (plus dative,triggerslenition)

1. to,for

   do chara ―to a friend, for a friend

2. used with the possessive determinersmo,do,bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place ofag after a form ofbí in the progressive aspect

   Tá sédo mo ghortú. ―It’s hurting me.

   Bhí sédo d’fhiafraí. ―He was inquiring about yousg.

   Bhí sibhdo bhur gcloí. ―Youpl were being overthrown.

See also:Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "do"

FromOld Irishdo, fromProto-Celtic*towe(“your, thy”); compareWelshdy,Cornishdha,Bretonda.^[8]

• d’(used before vowel sounds)
• t’(nonstandard, used before vowel sounds)

• IPA^(key):/d̪ˠɔ/^[9],/d̪ˠə/^[10]

do (triggerslenition)

1. your (singular)

   Cá bhfuildo charr?

   Where is your car?

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “do”, inFoclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm,→ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “do”, inEnglish-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “do”, inNew English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge,2013-2025

See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

• dò(rare)

• IPA^(key):/ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Hyphenation:dò

do

1. first-personsingularpresentindicative ofdare

Clipping ofDoni, the surname ofGiovanni Battista Doni. Coined in the 17th century to replaceut.

• IPA^(key):/ˈdɔ/^°,(traditional)/ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Hyphenation:dò

do m

1. do (musical note)
2. C (musical note or key)

• IPA^(key):/ˈdɔ/^°,/ˈdɔ/^*,/ˈdɔh/,/ˈdɔʔ/
• Rhymes:-ɔ,-ɔh,-ɔʔ
• Hyphenation:dò

do

1. (archaic)Alternative form ofdoh

• do inLuciano Canepari,Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

• od

do

1. Thehiragana syllableど(do) or thekatakana syllableド(do) inHepburn romanization.

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*do.

• IPA^(key):/ˈdɔ/
• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Syllabification:do

do[withgenitive]

1. denotesallative movement;to,toward
2. denotes purpose;for,to
3. until,till,to
4. up to, as many as
5. denotes a deadline;by

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “do”, inSłownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page25
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “do”, inSłownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[19], volume 1, page271
• “do”, inInternetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby,2022

do

1. behind

   Antonym:dant

2. before (time)

FromProto-Italic*didō, fromProto-Indo-European*dédeh₃ti, from the root*deh₃-(“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (fromProto-Indo-European*déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏(doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative,*dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.^[1] Cognates includeAncient Greekδίδωμι(dídōmi),Sanskritददाति(dádāti),Old Persian𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺(d-d-a-tu-u-v).

The derivatives ofdō are not always easy to distinguish from those of-dō(“put”) <*dʰeh₁-.

• (Classical Latin)IPA^(key):/ˈdoː/,[ˈd̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key):/ˈdo/,[ˈd̪ɔː]

dō (present infinitivedare,perfect activededī,supinedatum);first conjugation,irregular shortă in most forms

1. togive

   Synonym:dōnō

   Tertium nondatur.

   A third [possibility]is notgiven [thelaw of excluded middle].

   • 405CE,Jerome,Vulgate Exodus.20.12:

     Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuusdabit tibi.

     Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy Godgiveth thee.

2. toimpart,offer,render,present with

   Synonyms:reddō,afferō

   • c. 200BCE – 190BCE,Plautus,Captivi3.4:

     Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.

     I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.

     (literally, “Ioffer labour to you, Aristophontes…”)

   • 27BCE – 25BCE,Titus Livius,Ab Urbe ConditaI.14:

     causamminusmirabilemdedit

     herendered the circumstances less strange

   • 8CE,Ovid,Fasti5.511:

     dumque mora est, tremulādat vīna rubentia dextrā

     And while there is a delay, with his trembling right handhe offers [them] red wine.
     (Hyrieus serves his guests, unaware that they are gods. See:Hyrieus;Orion (mythology).)

3. toafford,grant

   Synonym:dōnō

   • 44BCE,Cicero,Philippicae1.22.7:

     Non igitur provocatio ista legedatur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adulescentis ut turbulenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse?

     It is not, therefore, a right of appeal that isafforded by that law, but two most salutary laws and modes of judicial investigation that are abolished. And what is this but exhorting young men to be turbulent, seditious, mischievous citizens?

   • 44BCE,Cicero,Philippicae1.23.4:

     Quid, quod obrogatur legibus Cæsaris, quae iubent ei qui de vi itemque ei qui maiestatis damnatus sit aqua et igni interdici? quibus cum provocatiodatur, nonne acta Cæsaris rescinduntur? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui illa numquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae causa arbitratus sum ut non modo, quas vivus leges Cæsar tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas quidem quas post mortem Cæsaris prolatas esse et fixas videtis.

     What more? Is not this a substitution of a new law for the laws of Cæsar, which enact that every man who has been convicted of violence, and also every man who has been convicted of treason, shall be interdicted from fire and water? And, when those men have a right of appealgranted them, are not the acts of Cæsar rescinded? And those acts, O conscript fathers, I, who never approved of them, have still thought it advisable to maintain for the sake of concord; so that I not only did not think that the laws which Cæsar had passed in his lifetime ought to be repealed, but I did not approve of meddling with those even which since the death of Cæsar you have seen produced and published.

4. tobestow,confer (on orupon)

   Synonym:dōnō

5. toconcede,surrender,yield,deliver,give up

   Synonyms:dēdō,addīcō,concēdō,dēcēdō,committō,remittō,trādō,tribuō,dēferō,reddō,cēdō,permittō

6. toput
7. toadduce(e.g., a witness)

In Vulgar Latin,dō becomes*dao, by analogy with the root vowel-a-, but also by some elided third conjugation verbs like*vao,*vare (<vadō, vadere).

This table includes an archaic present subjunctive conjugation on adu- root that appears in the works of Plautus and Terence.