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Wiktionary

bear

See also:Bear,beár,béar,andbèar

English

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Brown bear (Ursus arctos)

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishbere, fromOld Englishbera, fromProto-West Germanic*berō, fromProto-Germanic*berô (compareWest Frisianbear,Dutchbeer,GermanBär,Danishbjørn).

etymology notes

This is generally taken to be fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerH-(“shining, brown”) (compareTocharian Aparno,Tocharian Bperne(“radiant, luminous”),Lithuanianbė́ras(“brown”)), related tobrown,bruin, andbeaver.

On this theory, the Germanic languages replaced the older name of the bear,*h₂ŕ̥tḱos, with the epithet "brown one", presumably due to taboo avoidance; compareRussianмедве́дь(medvédʹ,“bear”, literally“honey-eater”).

However, Ringe (2006:106) doubts the existence of a root *bʰer- meaning "brown" ("an actual PIE word of [the requisite] shape and meaning is not recoverable") and suggests that a derivation fromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰwer-(“wild animal”) "should therefore perhaps be preferred", implying a Germanic merger of*ǵʰw and*gʷʰ (*gʷʰ may sometimes result in Germanic*b, perhaps e.g. in*bidjaną, but it also seems to have given theg ingun and thew inwarm).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bear (countable anduncountable,pluralbears)

  2. A large, generallyomnivorousmammal (a few species are purelycarnivorous orherbivorous), related to thedog andraccoon, havingshaggy hair, a very small tail, and flat feet; a member of the familyUrsidae.
    1. (cooking,uncountable) Themeat of this animal.
      We had barbecuedbear for dinner.
  3. (figuratively) A rough, unmannerly, uncouth person.[1579]
    • 1791,James Boswell,Life of Johnson:
      One evening about this time, when his Lordship did me the honour to sup at my lodgings with Dr. Robertson and several other men of literary distinction, he regretted that Johnson had not been educated with more refinement, and lived more in polished society. 'No, no, my Lord, (said Signor Baretti,) do with him what you would, he would always have been abear.'
  4. (finance) Aninvestor who sellscommodities,securities, orfutures in anticipation of a fall in prices.[1744]
    Antonym:bull
    • 1821, Bank of England,The Bank - The Stock Exchange - The Bankers ..., page64:
      This accompt has been made to appear a bull accompt,i.e. that the bulls cannot take their stock. The fact is the reverse; it is abear accompt, but thebears, unable to deliver their stock, have conjointly banged the market, and pocketed the tickets, to defeat the rise and loss that would have ensued to them by their buying on a rising price on the accompt day[…]
  5. (CB radio,slang,US) A state policeman(short forSmokey Bear).[1970s]
    • 1975, “Convoy”, in C.W. McCall, Chip Davis (lyrics),Black Bear Road, performed byC. W. McCall:
      By the time we got into Tulsa Town
      We had eighty-five trucks in all
      But there's a roadblock up on the cloverleaf
      And thembears was wall-to-wall.
      Yeah, them smokies is thick as bugs on a bumper
      They even had abear in the air.
      I says, "Callin' all trucks, this here's the Duck.
      We about to go a-huntin'bear."
    • 1976 June,CB Magazine, Oklahoma City: Communications Publication Corporation,June 40/3:
      'Thebear's pulling somebody off there at 74,' reported someone else.
    • 2015, Matt Cashion,Last Words of the Holy Ghost, page85:
      He was listening for reports of Kojaks with Kodaks, orbear sightings (cop alerts) at his front door (ahead of him), especially plain wrappers (unmarked police cars) parked at specific yardsticks (mile-markers) taking pictures[…]
  6. (gayslang) A large, hairy man, especially one who ishomosexual.[c. 1970][1]
    • [1979 July 26, George Mazzei, “Who's Who in the Zoo?: A Glossary of Gay Animals”, in Robert I. McQueen, editor,The Advocate‎[2], number272, Liberation Publications,→ISSN, archived fromthe original on2014-04-18, page42:
      Bears are usually hunky, chunky types reminiscent of railroad engineers and former football greats.]
    • 1990 December 9, “Personal advertisement”, inGay Community News, volume18, number21, page12:
      Bear sought by masculine white male, 30, 5'8", 165 lbs, for weekly safe encounter. I'm in a long-term relationship and seek outside fun. You: tall, masculine, over 200 lbs, discreet, moustache.
    • 2004 April 27, Richard Goldstein, “Why I'm Not aBear”, inThe Advocate, number913, page72:
      I have everything it takes to be abear: broad shoulders, full beard, semibald pate, and lots of body hair. But I don't want to be a fetish.
    • 2006, Simon LeVay, Sharon McBride Valente,Human sexuality:
      There are numerous social organizations forbears in most parts of the United States. Lesbians don't have such prominent sexual subcultures as gay men, although, as just mentioned, some lesbians are into BDSM practices.
    Antonym:twink
  7. (Australia) Akoala (bear).
  8. (engineering) Aportablepunchingmachine.
  9. (nautical) Ablock covered withcoarsematting, used toscour thedeck.
  10. (cartomancy) The fifteenthLenormand card.
  11. (colloquial,US) Something difficult or tiresome; aburden orchore.
    That window can be abear to open.
    • 2014, Joe Buda,Pilgrims' Passage: Into a New Millennium; Rebuilding the Past:
      "This was a realbear to refinish. You can't believe how hard it was right here to get a thousand years of crud out of this carving."
Synonyms
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Coordinate terms
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Derived terms
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Descendants
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Translations
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Verb

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bear (third-person singular simple presentbears,present participlebearing,simple past and past participlebeared)

  1. (finance,transitive) To endeavour todepress theprice of, or prices in.
    tobear a railroad stock
    tobear the market

Adjective

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bear (notcomparable)

  1. (finance, investments) Characterized bydeclining prices insecuritiesmarkets or bybelief that the prices will fall.
    The greatbear market starting in 1929 scared a whole generation of investors.
Translations
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finance: characterized by falling prices

See also

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References

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  1. ^Matthew D. Johnson (2004) “Bear Movement”, inArchives of the glbtq Encyclopedia Project‎[1] (PDF), archived fromthe original on2017-01-10: “Bear culture has its origins in informal "chubby and chubby-chaser" networks among gay men in the late 1960s and early 1970s.”
  • Donald A. Ringe,From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (2006),Linguistic history of English, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press→ISBN

Further reading

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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishberen(“carry, bring forth”), fromOld Englishberan(“to carry, bear, bring”), fromProto-West Germanic*beran, fromProto-Germanic*beraną, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰéreti, from*bʰer-(“to bear, carry”).

Akin toOld High Germanberan(“carry”),Dutchbaren,Norwegian Bokmålbære,Norwegian Nynorskbera,Germangebären,Gothic𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽(bairan),Sanskritभरति(bharati),Latinferō, andAncient Greekφέρω(phérō),Albanianbie(“to bring, to bear”),Russianбрать(bratʹ,“to take”),Persianبردن(bordan,“to take, to carry”).

Pronunciation

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  • likebear(“large ursine mammal”) (/bɛə(ɹ)/)

Verb

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bear (third-person singular simple presentbears,present participlebearing,simple pastboreor(archaic)bare,past participleborneorboreor(seeusage notes)born)

  2. (chieflytransitive) Tocarry orconvey, literally or figuratively.
    They camebearing gifts.
    Judging from the look on his face, he wasn'tbearing good news.
    The little boatbore us to our destination.
    This plant's light and fluffy seeds may beborne by the wind to remote islands.
    what the market willbear
    • 1610–1611 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London:[…]Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act III, scene i]:
      I'llbear your logs the while.
    • 1852, Mrs M.A. Thompson, “The Tutor's Daughter”, inGraham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion‎[3], page266:
      In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gaylybore me along the well-remembered road.
    • 1954 March,Ray Bradbury, “All Summer in a Day”, inThe Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction‎[4], volume 6, number 3, page122:
      They surged about her, caught her up andbore her.
    1. (transitive) To carry (weapons, flags or symbols of rank, office, etc.) upon one's person, especially visibly; to beequipped with (weapons, etc.).
      the right tobear arms
    2. (transitive) Towear (garments, pieces of jewellery, etc.).
      The queenbore the royal scepter and crown as she processed into the hall.
    3. (transitive, rarelyintransitive, of a woman or female animal) To carry (offspring in thewomb), to bepregnant (with).
      The scan showed that the ewe wasbearing twins.
    4. (transitive) To have or display (a mark or other feature).
      She stillbears the scars from a cycling accident.
      The stonebears a short inscription.
      Thisbears all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.
    5. (transitive) Todisplay (a particular heraldic device) on a shield or coat of arms; to be entitled to wear or use (a heraldic device) as a coat of arms.[1400]
      The shieldbore a red cross.
    6. (transitive) To present or exhibit (a particular outward appearance); to have (a certain look).[1200]
      Hebore the look of a defeated man.
      • 1930,Essex Chronicle,18 April 9/5:
        The body was unclothed, andbore the appearance of being washed up by the sea.
    7. (transitive) To have (a name, title, or designation).[1225]
      The school stillbears the name of its founder.
      • 2005,Plato, translated by Lesley Brown,Sophist, page234b:
        […] imitations thatbear the same name as the things […]
      • 2013, D. Goldberg,Universe in Rearview Mirror,iii. 99:
        Heinrich Olbers described the paradox thatbears his name in 1823.
    8. (transitive) To possess or enjoy (recognition, renown, a reputation, etc.); to have (a particular price, value, or worth).[1393]
      The dictatorbears a terrible reputation for cruelty.
    9. (transitive, of an investment, loan, etc.) To have (interest or a specifiedrate of interest)stipulated in itsterms.[1686]
      The bondbears a fixed interest rate of 3.5%.
    10. (transitive, of a person or animal) To have (an appendage, organ, etc.) as part of the body;(of a part of the body) to have (an appendage).
      Only the male Indian elephantbears tusks.
    11. (transitive) To carry or hold in the mind; to experience, entertain, harbour (an idea, feeling, or emotion).
      tobear a grudge,tobear ill will
    12. (transitive,rare) To feel and show (respect, reverence, loyalty, etc.) to, towards, or unto a person or thing.
      The brothers had alwaysborne one another respect.
    13. (transitive) To possess inherently (a quality, attribute, power, or capacity); to have and display as an essential characteristic.
      tobear life
    14. (transitive, of a thing) To have (a relation, correspondence, etc.) to something else.[1556]
      The punishmentbears no relation to the crime.
    15. (transitive) To give (written or oral testimony or evidence); (figurative) to provide or constitute (evidence or proof), givewitness.
      His achievementsbear testimony to his ability.
      The jury could see he wasbearing false witness.
    16. (transitive) To have (a certain meaning, intent, or effect).
      This word no longerbears its original meaning.
    17. (reflexive,transitive) To behave or conduct (oneself).
      Shebore herself well throughout the ordeal.
    18. (transitive,rare) To possess and use, to exercise (power or influence); to hold (an office, rank, or position).
    19. (intransitive,obsolete) To carry a burden or burdens.[1450]
    20. (transitive,obsolete,rare) To take or bring (a person) with oneself; toconduct.[1590]
  3. To support, sustain, or endure.
    2. (transitive) Tosupport orsustain; tohold up.
      This stonebears most of the weight.
    4. (nowtransitive outside certain set patterns such as 'bear with'; formerly alsointransitive) Toendure orwithstand (hardship,scrutiny, etc.); totolerate; to bepatient (with).
      Synonyms:brook,endure;see alsoThesaurus:tolerate
      The pain is too much for me tobear.
      I would never move to Texas — I can'tbear heat.
      This reasoning will notbear much analysis.
      Pleasebear with me as I try to find the book you need.
      • 1700, John Dryden, “Meleager and Atalanta”, inThe poetical works, volume 4, William Pickering, published1852,page169:
        I cannot, cannotbear; ’tis past , ’tis done; / Perish this impious , this detested son;[…]
      • 1715–1720,Homer, translated byAlexander Pope, “Book XXIV”, inThe Iliad of Homer, volume(please specify |volume=I to VI), London:[…]W[illiam] Bowyer, forBernard Lintott […],→OCLC:
        Man is born tobear.
      • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson],In Memoriam, London:Edward Moxon, […],→OCLC, Prologue:
        […] We are fools and slight;
        ⁠We mock thee when we do not fear:
        ⁠But help thy foolish ones tobear;
        Help thy vain worlds to bear thy light.
      • 1982 March 18,Eric J. Cassel[l], “The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine”, inThe New England Journal of Medicine, volume306, number11,→DOI, page642:
        Events that might cause suffering in others may beborne without complaint by someone who believes that the disease is part of his or her family identity and hence inevitable. Even diseases for which no heritable basis is known may beborne easily by a person because others in the family have been similarly afflicted.
      • 2024,Jackie Evancho, “Behind My Eyes”, inSolla‎[5]:
        There's this fear deep inside of me / Like there's something I cannot see / And it's coming after me / It's hard tobear
    5. (transitive) To sustain, or be answerable for (blame, expense, responsibility, etc.).
      The hirer mustbear the cost of any repairs.
    6. (transitive) To admit or be capable of (a meaning); to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change.
    7. (transitive) Towarrant,justify the need for.
      • 1989 August 19, Bob Lederer, “Hiding Behind HIV”, inGay Community News, volume17, number 6, page10:
        An unusually high percentage of the hundreds of gay men who participated in the experimental trials for this vaccine (1978-1980) developed AIDS. Since these trials occurred at about the same time as the first AIDS cases in the same cities[…] a possible connection at leastbears careful study.
      This storm definitelybears monitoring.
  4. To support, keep up, or maintain.
    1. (transitive) To afford, to be something to someone, to supply with something.(Can we add anexample for this sense?)
    2. (transitive) To carry on, or maintain; to have.(Can we add anexample for this sense?)
      • 1693, John Locke,Some Thoughts Concerning Education,§ 98:
        […] and he finds the Pleasure, and Credit ofbearing a Part in the Conversation, and of having his Reasons sometimes approved and hearken'd to.
  5. Topress orimpinge upon.
    1. (intransitive, usually withon,upon, oragainst) To push, thrust,press.
      The rope has frayed where itbears on the rim of the wheel.
    2. (intransitive,figuratively) To take effect; to have influence or force; to be relevant.
      to bring arguments tobear
      How does thisbear on the question?
    3. (intransitive,military, usually withon orupon) Of a weapon, to be aimed at an enemy or other target.
      The cannons were wheeled around tobear upon the advancing troops.
      • 2012, Ronald D. Utt,Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron
        Constitution's gun crews crossed the deck to the already loaded larboard guns as Bainbridge wore the ship around on a larboard tack and recrossed his path in a rare double raking action to bring her guns tobear again onJava's damaged stern.
  6. To produce, yield, give birth to.
    2. (transitive,ditransitive) Togive birth to (someone or something)(may take the father of the direct object as an indirect object).
      In Troy she becomes Paris’ wife,bearing him several children, all of whom die in infancy.
      The twins wereborne by an Italian mother.
    3. (transitive, less commonlyintransitive) Toproduce oryield something, such as fruit or crops.
      This year our apple treesbore a good crop of fruit.
      • 1688,John Dryden,Britannia Rediviva:
        Betwixt two seasons comes th' auspicious air, / This age to blossom, and the next tobear.
  7. (intransitive, originally nautical) To be, orhead, in aspecificdirection orazimuth (from somewhere).
    Carry on past the church and thenbear left at the junction.
    By my readings, we'rebearing due south, so we should turn about ten degrees east.
    Great Fallsbears north of Bozeman.
  8. (transitive,obsolete) Togain orwin.
    • 1625,Francis [Bacon], “Of Seeming Wise”, inThe Essayes […], 3rd edition, London:[…] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret,→OCLC:
      Some think tobear it by speaking a great word.
    • April 5, 1549,Hugh Latimer,The Fifth Sermon Preached Before King Edward (probably not in original spelling)
      She was[…] found not guilty, throughbearing of friends and bribing of the judge.
Usage notes
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  • The past participle ofbear is usuallyborne:
    • He could not haveborne that load.
    • She hadborne five children.
    • This is not to beborne!
  • However, whenbear is used in thepassive voice to mean "to be given birth to" literally or figuratively (e.g. becreated, be theresult of), the form used isborn:
    • Shewas born on May 3.
    • Racismis usuallyborn out of a real or feared loss of power to a minority or a real or feared decrease in relative prosperity compared to that of the minority.
    • Born three years earlier, he was the eldest of his siblings.
    • "The idea to create [the Blue Ridge Parkway]was born in the travail of the Great Depression[…]." (Tim Pegram,The Blue Ridge Parkway by Foot: A Park Ranger's Memoir,→ISBN, 2007, page 1)
  • Both spellings have been used in the constructionborn(e) into the world/family andborn(e) of orto someone (as a child). Theborne spellings are more frequent in older and religious writings.
    • He wasborn(e) to Mr. Smith.
    • She wasborn(e) into the most powerful family in the city.
    • "[M]y father wasborne to a Swedish mother and a Norwegian father, both devout Lutherans." (David Ross,Good Morning Corfu: Living Abroad Against All Odds,→ISBN, 2009)
  • In some colloquial speech,beared can be found for both the simple past and the past participle, although it is usually considered nonstandard and avoided in writing. Similarly,bore may be extended to the past participle; the same provisos apply for this form.
Conjugation
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Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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to carry
to be equipped with
to possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind
to possess and use power
to declare as testimony
to have a certain meaning, intent, or effect
to manage, wield, or direct; to behave or conduct oneself
to suffer, as in carrying a burden
to conduct; to bring
to support or sustain
to endure with patience; to be patient
to tolerate, to put up with
to admit or be capable of; to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change
to sustain, or be answerable for
to afford; to be something to; to supply with
to carry on, or maintain
to press
to take effect; to have influence or force
to relate or refer
to give birth—seegive birth
to produce or yield
to gain or win
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

References

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Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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bear (uncountable)

  1. Alternative spelling ofbere(“barley”).
    • 1800, Tuke,Agric., 119:
      There are several plots of those species of barley called big, which is six-rowed barley; orbear, which is four-rowed, cultivated.
    • 1818,Reports Agric., Marshall,I. 191:
      Bigg or bear, with four grains on the ear, was the kind of barley.
    • 1895,Whittingham Vale, Dixon, section 130:
      Two stacks ofbeare, of xx boules,
    • 1908,Burns Chronicle and Club Directory, page151:
      […] one wheat stack, one half-stack of corn, and a little hay, all standing in the barnyard; four stacks ofbear in the barn, about three bolls ofbear lying on the barn floor, two stacks of corn in the barn,[…]
    • 1802-1816,Papers on Sutherland Estate Management, published in1972, Scottish History Society,Publications:
      Your Horses are Getting Pease Straw, and looking very well. The 2 Stacks ofBear formerly mentioned as Put in by Mr Bookless is not fully dressed as yet so that I cannot say at present what Quantity they may Produce .
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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FromMiddle Englishbere(“pillowcase”), of obscure origin, but compareOld Englishhlēor-bera(“cheek-cover”). Possibly cognate to Low Germanbüre, whenceGermanBühre, which in turn has been compared toFrenchbure.

Pronunciation

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  • (originally)likebear(“large ursine mammal”) (/bɛə(ɹ)/)
  • (later sometimes)likebear(“barley”) (/bɪə(ɹ)/)(comparepillowbeer)

Noun

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bear (uncountable)

  1. Alternative spelling ofbere(“pillowcase”).
    • 1742, William Ellis,The London and Country Brewer[...] Fourth Edition, page36:
      And, according to this, one of my Neighbours made a Bag, like a Pillow-bear, of the ordinary six-penny yard Cloth, and boiled his Hops in it half an Hour; then he took them out, and put in another Bag of the like Quantity of fresh Hops,[…]
    • 1850, Samuel Tymms,Wills and Inventories from the Registers of the Commissary of Bury St. Edmunds and the Archdeacon of Sudbury, page116:
      ij payer of schete, ij pelows wt theberys,
    • 1858,Journal of the Statistical Society of London, page409:
      1641.—14 yards of femble cloth, 12s. ; 8 yards of linen, 6s. 8d. ; 20 yards of harden, 10s. ; 5 linen sheets, 1l. ; 7 linen pillowbears, 8s. ; 2 femble sheets and a line hard sheet, 10s. ; 3 linen towels, 4s. ; 6 lin curtains and a vallance, 12s. ;[…]
    • 1905, Emily Wilder Leavitt,Palmer Groups: John Melvin of Charlestown and Concord, Mass. and His Descendants ; Gathered and Arranged for Mr. Lowell Mason Palmer of New York, page 24:
      I give to my Grand Child Lidea Carpenter the Coverlid that her mother spun and my pillowbear and a pint Cup & my great Pott that belongs to the Pott and Trammels.
    • 1941, Minnie Hite Moody,Long Meadows, page71:
      […] a man's eyes played him false, sitting him before tables proper with damask and pewter, leading him to fall into beds gracious with small and large feather beds for softness and pillowed luxuriously under pretty checked linen pillowbears.
Alternative forms
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See also

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Anagrams

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Irish

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Noun

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bear m pl

  1. alternativegenitiveplural ofbior(“pointed rod or shaft; spit, spike; point”)

Mutation

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Mutated forms ofbear
radicallenitioneclipsis
bearbhearmbear

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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West Frisian

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Etymology

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FromOld Frisian*bera, fromProto-West Germanic*berō, fromProto-Germanic*berô.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bear c (pluralbearen,diminutivebearke)

  1. bear
    Hoewol't de earstebearen net tige grut wiene, hawwe se harren meitiid wol ta grutte lichemsomfang ûntwikkele. ―Although the firstbears were not very large, they have since developed to be much larger.

Further reading

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  • “bear (II)”, inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch),2011
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