• barke(obsolete)

• (Received Pronunciation)IPA^(key):/bɑːk/
• (General American)IPA^(key):/bɑɹk/

• Audio(UK):

  (file)

• Audio(US):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ɑː(ɹ)k
• Homophone:barque

FromMiddle Englishbarken,berken,borken, fromOld Englishbeorcan(“to bark”), from theProto-West Germanic*berkan(“to bark”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerg-(“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from*bʰer-(“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate withIcelandicberkja(“to bark, bluster”),Icelandicbarki(“throat, windpipe”), dialectalLithuanianburgė́ti(“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”),Serbo-Croatianbrbljati(“to murmur”). For the noun, compareOld Englishbeorc,bearce(“barking”).

.

bark (third-person singular simple presentbarks,present participlebarking,simple past and past participlebarked)

1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud,explosivenoise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).

   Synonyms:give tongue,(rare)latrate

   The neighbour's dog is alwaysbarking.

   The sealbarked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.

2. (intransitive) To make aclamor; to makeimportunateoutcries.
   • 1530, Tyndale,A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:

     And therefore theybark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.

   • 1655,Thomas Fuller,The Church-history of Britain; […], London:[…] Iohn Williams […],→OCLC,(please specify |book=I to XI):

     Where there is thebarking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.

3. (transitive) Tospeaksharply.

   The sergeantbarked an order.

   • 1932,Delos W. Lovelace,King Kong, published1965, page 3:

     Plainly he was prepared tobark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.

   • 2001,Salman Rushdie,Fury: A Novel, London:Jonathan Cape,→ISBN,page 5:

     Sudden anger rose in him. “What I’m looking for,” hebarked, “is to be left in peace.” His voice trembled with a rage far bigger than her intrusion merited, the rage which shocked him whenever it coursed through his nervous system, like a flood.

   • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, inBBC‎^[2]:

     WhileMcCarthy prowled the touchlinebarking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw onNicolas Anelka forKalou.

bark (pluralbarks)

1. The short, loud,explosivesound uttered by adog, afox, and some other animals.
2. (figuratively) Anabrupt loudvocalutterance.
   • c.1921,The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume11:

     Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to abark in excitement.

   • 1949 January and February, F. G. Roe, “I Saw Three Englands–1”, inRailway Magazine, page12:

     Long before Shap platform showed up around a corner and the two arms on the gradient post drooped in both directions at once,Duchess of Buccleuch's amiable throbbing purr at the stack [funnel, chimney] had become a fierce freight-enginebark, as she resolutely dragged at her enormous load.

3. (music) The quick opening of thehi-hatcymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing.

FromMiddle Englishbark, fromOld Englishbarc(“bark”), fromOld Norsebǫrkr(“tree bark”), fromProto-Germanic*barkuz, probably related to*birkijǭ(“birch”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerHǵós (compareLatinfrāxinus(“ash”),Lithuanianbéržas(“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European*bʰerHǵ-(“to gleam; white”) (compareEnglishbright); akin toDanishbark,Icelandicbörkur,Low Germanborke andAlbanianberk(“bast”).

bark (countable anduncountable,pluralbarks)

2. (countable,uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of atree.
   • 1879, Friedrich August Flückigeret al.,Pharmacographia...‎^[3], page346:

     The hardships ofbark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilizedIndians and people ofmixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are calledCascarilleros orCascadores, from the Spanish wordCascara,bark.

   • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, inNew York Time‎^[4]:

     Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shreddingbark from their trunks.

3. (medicine)Peruvian bark orJesuit's bark, the bark of thecinchona from whichquinine is produced.
5. Hardcandy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
7. Thecrust formed onbarbecuedmeat that has had arub applied to it.
   • 2009, Julie Reinhardt,She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page151:

     This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to thebark.

8. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.

Usually uncountable;bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

• (exterior covering of a tree):rind

bark (third-person singular simple presentbarks,present participlebarking,simple past and past participlebarked)

1. Tostrip the bark from; topeel.
   • 1922, A. M. Chisholm,A Thousand a Plate:

     Along the river freshly felled andbarked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.

2. Toabrade or rub off any outer covering from.

   tobark one’s heel

   • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, inThe Guardian‎^[5]:

     Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shinsbarked, ankles hacked.

3. Togirdle.
4. Tocover orinclose with bark, or as with bark.

   tobark the roof of a hut

• barking iron
• ringbark

FromMiddle Englishbarke(“boat”), fromMiddle Frenchbarque, fromLate Latinbarca, a regular syncope ofVulgar Latin*barica, fromClassical Latinbāris, fromAncient Greekβᾶρις(bâris,“Egyptian boat”), fromCopticⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ(baare,“small boat”), fromDemoticbr, fromEgyptianbꜣjr

(“transport ship”).Doublet ofbarge,barque andbaris.

• barque

bark (pluralbarks)

1. (obsolete) A smallsailingvessel, e.g. apinnace or a fishingsmack; a rowing boat or barge.
2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
   • c.1609,William Shakespeare,Sonnet 116:

     It is the star to every wanderingbark

   • 1817 December,Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in[Mary] Shelley, editor,The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London:Edward Moxon […], published1839,→OCLC,page272:

     We know not where we go, or what sweet dream
     May pilot us through caverns strange and fair
     Of far and pathless passion, while the stream
     Of life ourbark doth on its whirlpools bear,
     Spreading swift wings as sails to the dim air;[…]

   • a.1887 (date written), Emily Dickinson, “[Book I.—Life] Whether my bark went down at sea”, inMabel Loomis Todd andT[homas] W[entworth] Higginson, editors,Poems, First Series, Boston, Mass.:Roberts Brothers, published1890,→OCLC,page38:

     Whether mybark went down at sea, / Whether she met with gales,[…]

3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
   • 1997, Mark Kurlansky,Cod, page114:

     Europeans would cross the ocean in largebarks built for deck space and large holds.

• → Welsh:barc

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

bark (pluralbarks)

1. (slang,obsolete) AnIrish person.

• John Camden Hotten (1873)The Slang Dictionary
• 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley,Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124)

• brak,kbar,krab

FromProto-Albanian*báruka, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰor-uko-, from*bʰer-(“to carry”). CompareMessapicβάρυκα(báruka). Adoublet ofbie,barrë, andbarrë.

Another reconstruction isProto-Albanian*bárkʷa-, from earlier *bʰórkʷu- "belly", from a PIE *bʰorkʷó-, from*bʰer-(“to carry”).

bark m (pluralbarqe,definitebarku,definite pluralbarqet)

1. (anatomy)belly

   Synonym:abdomen(technical)

2. stomach orintestines as parts of the digestive system

   Synonyms:stomak,zorrë

3. pelviccavity,uterus

   Synonyms:kavitet pelvik,mitër

4. alloffspring a mother births to with the same male (human or animal)

   Synonym:pjellë

   Motër e vëlla nga dybarqe ―Brother and sister from twomothers

5. (ethnography)lineage, all offspring of the same mother

   Synonym:gji

   Janë të njëbarku ―They're of the samemother

6. (figurative)generation

   Synonym:brez

   Bark pasbarku ―Generation aftergeneration

7. convex side of an object,bulge,curve

   Synonym:e mysët

   Mur mebark ―Curved wall

8. (figurative,colloquial)interior part of an object, thehollow part

   Synonyms:gji,brendësi

9. (in thesingular) themiddle part of timeline

   Synonym:mes

   Barku i javës ―Themiddle of the week

10. (medicine)diarrhea,dysentery

    Synonyms:diarre,purth,spirë,nevojë e hollë,dizenteri

11. (figurative,colloquial)heart (in the sense of bravery)

    Synonyms:zemër,shpirt

    Me gjithëbark ―With all myheart

• FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[6],1980

FromOld Norsebǫrkr.

• IPA^(key):/bark/,[b̥ɑːɡ̊]

bark c (singular definitebarken,not used in plural form)

1. bark(covering of the trunk of a tree)

FromOld Norsebarki

• IPA^(key):/bark/,[b̥ɑːɡ̊]

bark c (singular definitebarken,plural indefinitebarker)

1. bark(large sailing boat)

• “bark” inDen Danske Ordbog
• “bark,2” inDen Danske Ordbog

• IPA^(key):/bɑrk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation:bark
• Rhymes:-ɑrk

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

bark m (pluralbarken,diminutivebarkje n)

1. the bark of certain trees, used for itstannin

FromMiddle Dutchbarke, fromOld Frenchbarque.

bark f (pluralbarken,diminutivebarkje n)

1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat

• → Sranan Tongo:barki

• brak,krab

FromDanishbark, fromMiddle Frenchbarque, fromLate Latinbarca, fromVulgar Latinbarica, fromAncient Greekβάρις(báris,“Egyptian boat”), fromCopticⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ(baare,“small boat”), fromEgyptianbꜣjr(“transport ship, type of fish”),

bark f (genitive singularbarkar, pluralbarkir)

1. (nautical)bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

• barkskip

• "bark" at Sprotin.fo

• barke

FromOld Englishbark, fromOld Norsebǫrkr, fromProto-Germanic*barkuz.

• IPA^(key):/bark/

bark (pluralbarkes)

1. bark(a tree's covering, often used inleatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
3. (rare,Late Middle English,figurative) A shallow look at something.

• barker
• barkyn

• English:bark
• Scots:bark

• “bark,n.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved2018-08-12.

FromOld Norsebǫrkr.

bark m (definite singularbarken,uncountable)

1. bark(outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)

• hjernebark

• bork(Nynorsk)

FromLate Latinbarca, viaFrenchbarque.

bark m (definite singularbarken,indefinite pluralbarker,definite pluralbarkene)

1. (nautical) abarque orbark(type of sailing ship)

• “bark” inThe Bokmål Dictionary.

FromLate Latinbarca, viaFrenchbarque.

bark m (definite singularbarken,indefinite pluralbarkar,definite pluralbarkane)

1. (nautical) abarque orbark(type of sailing ship)

• “bark” inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

• IPA^(key):(10^th–15^th CE)/ba(ː)rk/
• IPA^(key):(15^th CE)/bark/,/bɒrk/

Inherited fromProto-Slavic*bъrkъ

bark m inan

1. (attested inGreater Poland)shoulder(part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
   • Middle of the 15th century,Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎^[7], page817:

     Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i zabarki ji ciągnęli

     [Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i zabarki ji ciągnęli]

   • c.1500,Wokabularz lubiński,Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page72r:

     Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculusbark

     [Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculusbark]

2. (agriculture)swingletree,whiffletree,whippletree
   • 1868 [1455],Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego‎^[8], volume XIV, page439:

     Currus non habuit hakow anybarkow

     [Currus non habuit hakow anibarkow]

• Polish:bark

bark m animacy unattested

1. Alternative form ofbarg

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “bark”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie,→ISBN
• Mańczak, Witold (2017) “bark”, inPolski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności,→ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “bark”, inEtymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “bark”, inJan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors,Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bark”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bark”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bark”, inRozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków:Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Inherited fromOld Polishbark.

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ark
• Syllabification:bark

bark m inan (related adjectivebarkowy)

1. shoulder(part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)

   Synonym:ramię

3. (architecture,historical)sideextension of afort orfortification
4. (in theplural)upperback(area including the shoulder blades from one shoulder to the other)
5. shoulder(side edge of the tire tread)
6. shoulder(bending the arc of a horseshoe, half-moon, half-ring or buckle)
7. (obsolete,agriculture)swingletree,whiffletree,whippletree

   Synonym:orczyk

8. (obsolete,architecture)arch

   Synonyms:pałąk,obłąk

9. (Middle Polish)shoulder(thicker and higher part of an animal's hind legs)
10. (Middle Polish)arch(any bend in an object)

Borrowed fromEnglishbarque.^[1][2][3] First attested in the 20th century.^[3]Doublet ofbarka.

• IPA^(key):/ˈbark/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ark
• Syllabification:bark

bark m inan (related adjectivebarkowy)

2. (nautical)barque(sailing vessel)

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.) First attested in 1600–1750.^[4]

• (Middle Polish)IPA^(key):/ˈbark/,/bɒrk/

bark m inan

1. (Middle Polish)tool orvessel used in certaincrafts ortrades

   Alternative form:barka

• bark inWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• barki inWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “bark”, inSłownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “bark”, inSłownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “bark”, inSłownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz,A. Kryński,W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bark”, inSłownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page98
• bark in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Borrowed fromGermanBarke.

• IPA^(key):/ˈbark/
• Rhymes:-ark
• Syllabification:bark

bark m inan (related adjectivebarkôwy)

1. smallboat on awagon

• Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “bãrk”, inSlovinzisches Wörterbuch‎^[9] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg:ОРЯС ИАН,page16

FromOld Norsebǫrkr, fromProto-Germanic*barkuz.

bark c (uncountable)

1. bark(covering of the trunk of a tree)
2. barque(type of ship)

   Synonym:barkskepp

• barkbröd

• barka

• bark inSvensk ordbok (SO)
• bark inSvenska Akademiens ordböcker
• bark inSvenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

FromProto-Turkic*b(i)ark(“home”).

bark (definite accusativebarkı,pluralbarklar)

1. (idiomatic)home