Zabol (Persian:زابلⓘ)[a] is a city in theCentral District ofZabol County,Sistan and Baluchestan province,Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5] Zabol is near theborder withAfghanistan.
Zabol Persian:زابل Zābul | |
|---|---|
City | |
 | |
  Zabol  Zabol | |
| Coordinates:31°02′02″N61°29′16″E / 31.03389°N 61.48778°E /31.03389; 61.48778[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Sistan and Baluchestan |
| County | Zabol |
| District | Central |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
| • Urban | 134,950 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
Demographics
editLanguage and ethnicity
editThe people of Zabol are a mix ofPersians who speak a variant of thePersian language and known asSistani or Seistani which is very similar toDari, also known as Afghan Persian, and a small minority ofBaloch who speakBalochi, a Northwestern Iranian language.[citation needed]
Population
editAt the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 130,642 in 27,867 households.[6] The 2011 census counted 137,722 people in 33,957 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 134,950 people in 35,401 households.[2]
Geography
editLocation
editZabol is located nearLake Hamun, in theendorheicSīstān Basin, and the region is irrigated by theHelmand River. Lake Hamun is aseasonal lake that is often dry.
Zabol is connected by road to Milak andZaranj (across the border in Afghanistan). TheDelaram-Zaranj Highway provides road connectivity to the rest of Afghanistan. Zabol thus provides Afghanistan access to theArabian Sea andPersian Gulf via thePort of Chabahar. Zabol hasa regional airport.
Air pollution
edit
The Zabol area is well known for its "120-day wind" (bād-e sad-o-bist-roz), a highly persistent dust storm in the summer which blows from north to south. The disappearance in the 2000s of the nearbyHamoun wetlands has exacerbated the dusty conditions in Zabol,[8] leading theWorld Health Organization to name Zabol the most polluted city in the world in 2016.[9] A 2017 study in thejournalPreventive Medicine suggested that the harm from 30 minutes of cycling outdoors in Zabol's polluted air would outweigh the benefits of the exercise.[10]
Climate
editZabol has ahot desert climate (Köppen climate classificationBWh).
| Climate data for Zabol (normals 1991-2020, extremes 1962–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) | 32.8 (91.0) | 42.3 (108.1) | 43.0 (109.4) | 48.0 (118.4) | 50.8 (123.4) | 49.8 (121.6) | 51.0 (123.8) | 46.8 (116.2) | 42.6 (108.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 29.0 (84.2) | 51.0 (123.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 32.3 (90.1) | 37.5 (99.5) | 41.3 (106.3) | 42.5 (108.5) | 40.8 (105.4) | 36.9 (98.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 30.3 (86.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.6 (52.9) | 17.3 (63.1) | 23.9 (75.0) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.3 (95.5) | 33.6 (92.5) | 28.9 (84.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 22.4 (72.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) | 4.8 (40.6) | 9.9 (49.8) | 16.1 (61.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.2 (79.2) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 14.7 (58.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | 15.3 (59.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.0 (10.4) | −9.0 (15.8) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.2 (45.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | −4.0 (24.8) | −10.0 (14.0) | −12.0 (10.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 12.5 (0.49) | 9.9 (0.39) | 14.8 (0.58) | 4.6 (0.18) | 1.2 (0.05) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.01) | 2.2 (0.09) | 5.7 (0.22) | 51.3 (2.01) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.2) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 10.5 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 50 | 45 | 42 | 35 | 27 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 27 | 39 | 47 | 33 |
| Averagedew point °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.7 (45.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 6.3 (43.3) | 2.9 (37.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | 0.6 (33.1) | −1.5 (29.3) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 211 | 209 | 232 | 265 | 314 | 327 | 334 | 326 | 303 | 291 | 240 | 218 | 3,270 |
| Mean dailydaylight hours | 10.4 | 11.1 | 12 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 12.1 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 7 |
| Source 1:NOAA NCEI[11] (snowfall and snow/sleet days for 1981-2010)[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[13] Weather Atlas (UV index and daylight hours)[14] | |||||||||||||
Colleges and universities
edit
The city is home toZabol University, the largest university in the city, as well as theZabol Medical Science University and the Sistan Museum of Anthropology.
- Islamic Azad university, Zabol Branch
- Payame-noor university of Zabol
See also
edit
Media related toZabol at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
edit- ^Alsoromanized asZâbol; also known asZābul. Referred to asSistan until the late 1920s, the city was renamed Zabol byReza Shah Pahlavi[3][4]
References
edit- ^OpenStreetMap contributors (14 January 2025)."Zabol, Zabol County" (Map).OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved14 January 2025.
- ^abCensus of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved19 December 2022.
- ^Skrine, Clarmont (1962).World War In Iran. Constable & Company. p. 68.
- ^Zabol can be found atGEOnet Names Server, atthis link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3781433" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^Habibi, Hassan (5 March 2013) [Approved 21 June 1369].Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan.rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82822/T129. Archived fromthe original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved29 December 2023 – via Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users.
- ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved25 September 2022.
- ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^Vidal, John; Kamali, Saeed (12 May 2016)."Which are the world's two most polluted cities – and why?".The Guardian. London. Retrieved14 February 2017.
- ^Miles, Tom (12 May 2016)."Iranian, Indian cities ranked worst for air pollution".Reuters. Archived fromthe original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved14 February 2017.
- ^Van Mead, Nick (13 February 2017)."Tipping point: revealing the cities where exercise does more harm than good".The Guardian. Retrieved14 February 2017.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Zabol-40829"(CSV).ncei.noaa.gov (Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved28 April 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Zabol-40829"(XLS).ncei.noaa.gov (Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. p. 21. Retrieved28 April 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^
- "Highest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved8 April 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved8 April 2015.
- ^"Monthly weather forecast and climate in Zabol, Iran". Weather Atlas. Retrieved11 January 2022.
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