Awhite box (orglass box,clear box, oropen box) is asubsystem whose internals can be viewed but usually not altered.[1] The term is used insystems engineering,software engineering, and inintelligent user interface design,[2][3] where it is closely related to recent interest inexplainable artificial intelligence.[4][5]
| Black box systems | |
|---|---|
 | |
| System | |
| Black box,Oracle machine | |
| Methods and techniques | |
| Black-box testing,Blackboxing | |
| Related techniques | |
| Feed forward,Obfuscation,Pattern recognition,White box,White-box testing,Gray-box testing,System identification | |
| Fundamentals | |
| A priori information,Control systems,Open systems,Operations research,Thermodynamic systems | |
Having access to the subsystem internals in general makes the subsystem easier to understand, but also easier tohack; for example, if a programmer can examine source code, weaknesses in an algorithm are much easier to discover.[citation needed] That makeswhite-box testing much more effective thanblack-box testing but considerably more difficult from the sophistication needed on the part of the tester to understand the subsystem.
The notion of a "Black Box in a Glass Box" was originally used as a metaphor for teaching complex topics to computing novices.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Patrick J. Driscoll, "Systems Thinking," in Gregory S. Parnell, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Dale L. Henderson (eds.),Decision Making in Systems Engineering and Management, 2nd. ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011, 40.
- ^Höök, Kristina; Karlgren, Jussi; Waern, Annika; Dahlbäck, Nils; Jansson, Carl Gustaf; Karlgren, Klas; Lemaire, Benoît (1998). "A Glass Box Approach to Adaptive Hypermedia".Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia. p. 143-170.doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0617-9_6.ISBN 978-90-481-4944-5.
- ^Karlgren, Jussi; Höök, Kristina; Lantz, Ann; Palme, Jacob; Pärgman, Daniel (1994). "The glass box user model for filtering".Fourth International Conference on User Modeling.
- ^Raj, Arun (2020). "Explainable AI: From black box to glass box".Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.48 (1): 137-141.doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00710-5.
- ^Höök, Kristina; Karlgren, Jussi; Waern, Annika (1995). "A glass box intelligent help interface".First Workshop on Intelligent Multimodal Interfaces.
- ^du Boulay, Benedict; O'Shea, Tim; Monk, John (1981). "The black box inside the glass box: presenting computing concepts to novices".International Journal of Man-Machine Studies.14 (3): 237-249.doi:10.1016/S0020-7373(81)80056-9.
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