Lenin Volga–Don Shipping Canal (Russian: Волго-Донской судоходный канал имени,В. И. Ленина, Volga-Donskoy sudokhodniy kanal imeni V. I. Lenina, abbreviated ВДСК,VDSK) is a shipcanal inRussia. It connects theVolga and theDon at their closest points. Opened in 1952, its length is 101 km (63 mi), 45 km (28 mi) of which is throughrivers andreservoirs.

Volga–Don Canal
Volga–Don Canal in October 2009
Specifications
Length	63[1] miles (101 km)
Maximumboat length	141 m (463 ft)[2]
Maximumboat beam	16.8 m (55 ft)[2]
Maximumboat draft	3.6 m (12 ft)[2]
Locks	13[3]
Maximum height above sea level	144 ft (44 m)
Status	Open
History
Construction began	1948
Date of first use	1 June 1952
Date completed	1952
Geography
Start point	Volgograd,Russia
End point	Tsimlyansk Reservoir, nearVolgodonsk,Russia
Beginningcoordinates	48°37′21″N43°32′06″E / 48.62250°N 43.53500°E /48.62250; 43.53500
Endingcoordinates	48°31′21″N44°33′09″E / 48.52250°N 44.55250°E /48.52250; 44.55250

The canal forms a part of theUnified Deep Water System of European Russia. Together with the lower Volga and the lower Don, the canal provides the shortest navigable connection between theCaspian Sea and the world's oceans via theSea of Azov, theBlack Sea, and theMediterranean Sea.

There has been a trade and military route between theVolga andDon rivers since early human history.

The presence of the fortified settlementTanais in the Don River delta since the time of theBosporan Kingdom,c. 438 BC–370 AD, strongly suggests the route was sufficiently notable to be fortified for over two thousand years. TheSarkel fortress on theleft bank of the lower Don was the main control of thisVolga trade route.^[4]

TheDon–Volga portage got its name from its trade importance 1000 years ago.^[5] There were several attempts to build a canal to replace the portage after 1500, first by the Ottomans during the 16th century, then by theRussian Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries, and finally, more successfully, by theSoviet Union in the 20th.

In 1569, theOttoman Empire attempted to connect the Volga and Don rivers via a canal. The Ottomans wanted to create a maritime link toCentral Asia (especially the cities ofBukhara,Khwarazm andSamarkand) to facilitate trade.^[6] Together with a proposedSuez Canal, the Volga–Don canal would also allowCentral Asian Muslims to performpilgrimage to Mecca.^[6] According to most historians,^[who?] the Ottomans managed to dig one-third of the canal^{[7][8][failed verification][better source needed]} before work was abandoned because of adverse weather.^[9] Other historians argue that the Ottomans merely leveled the ground so they could haul ships between the two rivers.^[10] In the end, the Ottomans retreated from the area and Russia promised to respect trade and pilgrimage routes to Central Asia.^[6]

Peter the Great ordered the earliest Russian attempts to connect the Volga and Don rivers.^[11] After capturingAzov in 1696, he decided to build a canal — later namedPetrov Val [ru] — on theIlovlya River (a left tributary of the Don) and theKamyshinka river (right tributary of the Volga).^[12][13] It was much shorter than the modern canal, connecting a gap of just 4 kilometers (2.5 mi), but was abandoned in 1701 because of a lack of resources and other problems.^[14] He initiated a second attempt, the so-calledIvanovsky Canal betweenYepifan andIvan-Ozero, under the administration ofKnyazMatvey Gagarin. However it was too shallow, as it linked the upper Don and the upper Volga via the tributariesOka River,Upa River, andShat River in present-dayTula Oblast. Between 1702 and 1707, twenty-fourlocks were constructed, and in 1707, about 300 ships passed through with difficulty. In 1709 owing to financial difficulties from theGreat Northern War, the project was halted.^[15]

In 1711 Russia left Azov under the terms of theTreaty of the Pruth, and Peter the Great lost all interest in the canal, which was abandoned and fell into ruin.^[16][17] Over time, other projects for connecting the two rivers were proposed, but none were attempted. However, the horse-drawnDubovsko-Kachalinsky railway and theVolga–Don railway — now part of theSouth Eastern Railway — were built in 1846 and 1852, respectively, to link the Volga and the Don at the shortest distance.^[18] They were 68km and 73km long respectively.^[19][20]

The construction of today's Volga–Don Canal, designed bySergey Zhuk'sHydroproject Institute, began prior to theSecond World War, which interrupted the process. In late 1948, the Volga–Don Canal was among the first projects to partake in the reform of the Sovietforced labour system, notably alongsideDalstroy. After these projects introduced awage for prisoners and other measures to stimulateproductivity, they managed to become fully self-financing.^[21]

Construction works continued from 1948 to 1952 and the canal was opened on 1 June 1952. The canal and its facilities were built by about 900,000 workers including some 100,000 German POWs and 100,000gulag prisoners. A day spent at the construction yard was counted as three days in prison, which spurred the prisoners to work. Several convicts were even awarded theOrder of the Red Banner of Labour upon their release.^{[citation needed]}

Upon completion, the Volga–Don Canal became an important link in theUnified Deep Water Transportation System of theEuropean part of theUSSR.^{[citation needed]}

The canal begins at the Volga's Sarepta backwater (48°31′10″N44°33′10″E / 48.51944°N 44.55278°E /48.51944; 44.55278 (start), the location of Lock No. 1 and the gateway arch), south ofVolgograd. It ends in theTsimlyansk Reservoir of the Don at the town ofKalach-na-Donu. The canal's highest elevation is the Varverovskoye (Barbarian) Reservoir between locks 9 and 10, 88 m (289 ft) above the Volga and 44 m (144 ft) above the Don river. It uses nine single-chambercanal locks on the Volga slope to raise and lower ships 88 m (289 ft), and four canal locks of the same kind on the Don slope that raise/lower ships 44 m (144 ft) from river height. The locks are smaller overall than those on the Volga River, but can handle ships of up to 5,000tonnescargo capacity.

The smallest locks are 145 m (476 ft) long, 17 m (56 ft) wide, and 3.6 m (12 ft) deep. The maximum allowed vessel is 141 m (463 ft) length, 16.8 m (55 ft) beam, and 3.6 m (12 ft) draught (theVolgo–Don Max Class).^[2]

The canal is filled from the Don, with three powerfulpumping stations to maintain water levels. Water is also taken from the canal for irrigation.

Cargo transported from the Don region to the Volga includes coal fromDonetsk in Ukraine, minerals, building materials, and grain. From the Volga to the Don, cargo includeslumber,pyrites, andpetroleum products (carried mostly byVolgotanker boats).

Tourist cruisers travel in both directions.

The canal and theTsimlyansky water-engineering system (whose chief architect was Leonid Polyakov), form part of anarchitectural ensemble dedicated to the battles forTsaritsyn during theRussian Civil War and forStalingrad during theGerman-Soviet War.

The Russianclassical composerSergei Prokofiev wrote thetone poemThe Meeting of the Volga and the Don to celebrate its completion.

According to the Maritime Board (Morskaya Kollegiya) of the Russian government, 10.9 million tonnes of cargo were carried over the Volga–Don Canal in 2004.^[22] An alternative source claims 8.05 million tonnes of cargo was transported through the canal in 2006. Most of the cargo was moved from the east to the west: 7.20 million tonnes, and only 0.85 million tonnes the other way. Just over half of all cargo was oil or oil products (4.14 million tonnes), predominantly shipped from the Caspian region.^[23]

It was reported in 2007 that in the first 55 years of the canal's operations 450,000 vessels had passed through carrying 336 million tonnes of cargo. Recent cargo volume stood at 12 million tonnes per year.^[24]

In 2016, the core ofBelarusian nuclear power plantVVER-1200, which weighed 330 tonnes, was 13 meters high, and 4.5 meters in diameter, was transferred to its destination by exploitingTsimlyansk Reservoir, the Volga–Don Canal, theVolga–Baltic Waterway, and two other connections.^[25]

•  
  USSR stamp, 1953: Lock No. 13
•  
  USSR stamp, 1951
•  
  USSR stamp, 1952
•  
  Russia Stamp 2008
•  
  USSR collection
•  
  Illustration of alock on the Volga–Don Canal (1953) (47°33′5.84″N42°08′10.26″E / 47.5516222°N 42.1361833°E /47.5516222; 42.1361833 (lock))
•  
  Tsimlyansk hydroelectric power plant (1953)

In the 1980s, construction started on a second canal between the rivers. The new canal, dubbed Volga–Don 2 (Russian:Волго-Дон 2;48°56′37″N44°30′25″E / 48.94361°N 44.50694°E /48.94361; 44.50694 (Volgo-Don 2 start)) was to have started from the township ofYerzovka on theVolgograd Reservoir, north (upstream) of theVolga Dam, as opposed to the existing Volga–Don Canal that starts south (downstream) of the dam.^[26] This would have reduced the number of locks traversed by ships coming from the Volgograd Reservoir, or from other Volga orKama ports farther north, on their way to the Don. The project was abruptly cancelled to cut expenditure on 1 August 1990, by which time more than 40 percent of its funds had already been spent.^[26][27][28] Since then most of the stone and metal in the abandoned canal and locks has been looted.^[29]

As of 2007–2008, Russian authorities were considering two options for increasing thethroughput of navigable waterways between the Caspian basin and the Black Sea. One option, which reuses the name "Volga–Don 2", is to build a second parallel channel ("second thread") of the Volga–Don Canal, equipped with larger locks 300 metres (980 ft) long. This approach would have allowed for an increase in the canal's annual cargo throughput from 16.5 million tonnes to 30 million tonnes. The other option—which had greater support fromKazakhstan,^[30] which would be either canal's major customer—was to build the so-calledEurasia Canal along a more southerly route in theKuma–Manych Depression, some of which is the much-shallower but existingManych Ship Canal. The southern route would require less earthwork than the first option and would provide a speedier connection between the Caspian and the Sea of Azov. It would also require fewer locks than the Volga–Don, as elevation differences to be engineered in the Kuma–Manych Depression are smaller.^{[31][needs update]}

• Volgodonsk
• Yergeni
• White Sea–Baltic Canal
• Unified Deep Water System of European Russia