Thevoiced alveolar fricatives areconsonantal sounds. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether asibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
The symbol for the alveolarsibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPA symbol isz. The IPA letter⟨z⟩ is not normally used fordental orpostalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
The IPA symbol for the alveolarnon-sibilant fricative is derived by means ofdiacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Thevoiced alveolar sibilant is common acrossEuropean languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to thevoiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of[z] are languages ofEurope,Africa, orWestern Asia.[citation needed]
Itsmanner of articulation issibilantfricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
There are at least three specific variants of[z]:
Dentalized laminalalveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[z] is very strong.[1]
Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. According toLadefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half ofEnglish speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Acoustically, it is close to[ʒ] or laminal[ʐ].
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Allophone of/s/ before voiced consonants, when it is notdebuccalized to[h~ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize/s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before/d/ it is dental[z̪].
Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaevalIbero-Romance sibilants:⟨ch⟩/tʃ/,⟨x⟩/ʃ/,⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩/ʒ/,⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩/s̪/,⟨z⟩/z̪/,⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩-/s̺/, -⟨s⟩-/z̺/
Thevoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As theInternational Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for allcoronal places of articulation that are notpalatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized[ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted[ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered[d]).
Few languages also have thevoiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[54]
Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
Thevoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
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