Vihren (Bulgarian:Вихрен[ˈvixrɛn]) is the highest peak ofBulgaria'sPirin Mountains. Reaching 2,914 metres (9,560 ft), it is Bulgaria's second and theBalkans' third highest, afterMusala andMount Olympus.^[2] Although Vihren is deprived of lakes and streams due to the karst topography, a number of Pirin's lakes are located around the peak, as is Europe's southernmost glacial mass, theSnezhnika glacieret.^[3] Until 1942 Vihren was known asEltepe (peak of storms); it was also calledBuren (stormy) andMalnienosets (lightning-bringer).^[4] TheUNESCOWorld Heritage SitePirin National Park was originally known as theVihren National Park.^[5] Vihren is included in the100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria under No. 2.^[6]

Vihren
Вихрен
Vihren withKutelo peak on the background.
Highest point
Elevation	2,914 m (9,560 ft)[1]
Prominence	1,783 m (5,850 ft)[1]
Listing	Ultra
Coordinates	41°46′04″N23°24′03″E / 41.76778°N 23.40083°E /41.76778; 23.40083[1]
Geography
Vihren Location in Bulgaria
Location	Blagoevgrad Province,Bulgaria
Parent range	Pirin Mountains
Climbing
Easiest route	Hike/scramble from Vihren refuge

Vihren is situated in the northern subdivision of Pirin on the mountain's main ridge between the summits ofKutelo (2,908 m) to the north-west andHvoynati Vrah (2,635 m) to the south-east.^[4] It is connected with these two peaks via the saddles of Premkata (2,610 m) to the north and Kabata (2,535 m) to the south.^[4] The summit is located between the valleys of the riversVlahina reka of theStruma drainage to the west andBanderitsa of theMesta drainage to the east.^[2]

Seen from the town ofBansko, situated at the foothills of Pirin to the north-east of Vihren, the peak looks like a truncated pyramid, and from the south — like а tetrahedral pyramid.^[4] The summit is built up marbles^[4] and has a karst topography which determines the lack of streams and lakes around Vihren. The closest lakes are theVlahini Lakes to the south-west.^[4] To the north are situated the deep and waterless cirquesGolemiya Kazan and Malkiya Kazan, known as theKazanite (the cauldrons).^[4] Below the 450 m-high walls of Vihren facing Golemiya Kazan there is a small glacier calledSnezhnika, which is Europe's southernmost glacial mass.^[3][7] Its size in summer is 80x90 m.^[8]

The average annual minimal temperature varies between –25° and –21°С, while the maximal temperatures are between 15° and 23°С. The mean annual precipitation is 1150 mm; the snow cover reaches depth of 3 m.^[6] There is a meteorological station at 1,950 m.^[6]

The wildlife is alpine. The flora of Vihren's slopes consists of herbaceous plants and lichens.^[6] Vihren is home to a number of habitats, including alpine and sub-alpine open calcareous grasslands that at inclination of 30–45° at altitude over 2,500 m on the marble bedrock formsphytocenosis dominated bySesleria korabensis,^[9] and alpine and sub-alpine closed calcareous grasslands on very rocky bedrock.^[10] With less abundance is the relict plantCarex rupestris; some plant communities have an abundance ofCarex kitaibeliana andSesleria coerulans.^[9] There are alsoAlyssum cuneifolium,Bellardiochloa variegata,Bromus lacmonicus,Cerastium lanatum,Koeleria eriostachya,Onobrychis pindicola,Scutellaria alpina,Sesleria coerulans, etc.^[10] Rare or endemic herbaceous plants that grow on the slopes of Vihren are edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum),^[11] Pirin poppy (Papaver degenii),^[12]Oxytropis urumovii,^[13]Alyssum pirinicum,^[14]Timmia norvegica,^[15]Thymus perinicus,^[16] etc.

The fauna includes various bird species, small mammals and abundant populations ofchamois.^[6]

Vihren is among the100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria under No. 2 and stamps to verify the visit can be found in the Museum ofNikola Vaptsarov in Bansko and in Vihren refuge.^[6] The summit is part of the initiative of the Bulgarian Tourist Union "Conqueror of the Top Ten Mountain Peaks" to promote mountaineering.^[17]

Vihren was first climbed in winter on 9 January 1925 by T.Atanasov, D.Stoykov, V.Baynov and N.Bozhinov.^[4] The classical route to climb the peak is from the Vihren refuge (1,950 m) to the south via the Kabata saddle; this route takes three to four hours in summer and is steep, reaching denivelation of almost 1,000 m in а short time.^[6] Other routes include those from the Banderitsa refuge (1,810 m) or across the knife-edge crestKoncheto from the north. From theKazanite cirques in the north there is a 400 m-high steep wall which has several tracks from alpine climbing.^[4] This wall was first climbed in 1934 by the German alpinists W.Mosel and F.Auer; in winter it was first ascended in 1949 by Al.Belkovski and Vl.Lobodin.^[18]

From the top there is a view to almost the whole of northern Pirin, as well as to the mountain ranges ofRila,Rhodope,Maleshevo,Ograzhden,Belasica andSlavyanka.^[19]

Vihren Peak onLivingston Island in theSouth Shetland Islands,Antarctica is named after Vihren.

• Pirin
• Kutelo
• Pirin National Park
• List of mountains in Bulgaria
• Geography of Bulgaria
• List of mountains of the Balkans
• Southernmost glacial mass in Europe
• List of European ultra-prominent peaks
• List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks
• Most isolated major summits of Europe
• List of mountain ranges

• Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980).Географски речник на България [Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura).
• Душков (Dushkov), Добри (Dobri) (1972).Пирин. Туристически речник [Pirin. Tourist Dictionary] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura).
• Grunewald, Karsten; Jörg Scheithauer (2010)."Europe's southernmost glaciers: response and adaptation to climate change"(PDF).Journal of Glaciology.56.International Glaciological Society:129–142.ISSN 0022-1430. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved6 March 2015.

• "Pirin National Park". Official Site of Pirin National Park. Retrieved6 December 2017.
• "Official Site of the Bulgarian Tourist Union". Retrieved16 December 2017.
• "Ultra Prominent Peaks". Retrieved16 December 2017.
• "Vihren". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved16 December 2017.
• "Vihren webcam at 1972m". Retrieved29 July 2020.