'Ubadah ibn al-Samit (Arabic:عُبَادَة بۡن ٱلصَّامِتʿUbādah ibn aṣ-Ṣāmit) was acompanion of Muhammad and a well-respected chieftain of theAnsar tribes confederation. He participated in almost every battle duringMuhammad's era. His official title, according to Muslim scholarly tradition, was 'Ubadahbin Saamit al-Ansari al-Badri (عُبَادَة بۡن ٱلصَّامِت ٱلۡأَنْصَارِيّ ٱلۡبَدْرِيّ) for his actions at theBattle of Badr.^[3] He served under the first threeRashiduncaliphs in the Muslim conquest against theByzantines.

The conquest ofCyprus marked 'Ubadah as one of theRashidun army's most successful military commanders. He participated in more than seven large scale military campaigns before ending his career as aQadi in theHoly Land. In later years he assisted the then-governor and laterUmayyad caliphMu'awiya.

'Ubadah served as the Qur'anic teacher ofSuffah and theMufti and judge of the Rashidun caliphate, along with matters of converting subdued populations and buildingMosques, such as theMosque of Amr ibn al-As inEgypt and the BazaarCongregational mosque inHoms. Despite his low structural position, 'Ubadah's influence as a respected senior Sahabah who was trusted by Muhammad and caliph Umar could rule many of his compatriots, including those who outranked him structurally such asMu'awiya, who served as Governor ofHoms during 'Ubadah's tenure as judge.^{[citation needed]}

Islamic scholars regard 'Ubadah as an influential companion of Muhammad who passed down manyHadiths that became the basis ofFiqh ruling in various matters.^[4][2]

'Ubadah was a descendant fromYemeni Arabs who settled inYathrib and formed theBanu Aws andKhazraj tribes. He was born into the latter and became a prominent chief.^[5] His genealogical lineage was 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit Ibn Qais bin Asram bin Fahr bin Tha'labah ibn Ghanm ibn Auf ibn (Amr bin Auf) ibn Al Khazraj. Sometime before Muhammad's migration fromMecca, 'Ubadah and other Banu Aws and Khazraj tribe chieftains, such asAbdullah ibn Rawahah, ʿAbdullah ibn Haram,Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, andAbu Talha al-Ansari, met Muhammad atAqabah during their journey fromMedina to performHajj inMecca. In historical literature, these clan leaders are said to have done Hajj to achieve enlightenment after they grew weary of tribal conflicts, particularly the civil war of Yathrib that Muslim historians call theBattle of Bu'ath. They listened to Muhammad's preaching and considered him to be the solution to unite their tribes. They immediately pledged their allegiance to him, marking this event as the first pledge of al-Aqabah. 'Ubadah was around forty years old.^[6][7] Later he participated in theSecond pledge at al-Aqabah, and narrated the event.

I was among those who were present at Aqabah. We were twelve men who took an oath of allegiance to the Messenger of Allah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam in the Pledge of Aqabah, which was called Bai'at An-Nisa'^{[Notes 1]} This was before the fighting was enjoined, so we pledged not to associate anything with Allah, not to steal, not to commit adultery, not to kill our children, not to intentionally forge falsehood,^{[Notes 2]} and not to disobey him in any just matter. "If you fulfil that then Paradise will be yours, but if you commit any of these sins, it is for Allah to forgive or punish as He wills'^[9] "

When theMeccan Muslimswere migrating to seek refuge in Yathrib (now Medina), 'Ubadah and his fellowBanu Aws andKhazraji provided shelter to them as Muhammad immediately instructed 'Ubadah to take an oath of brotherhood with theMuhajireen named Abu Marthad al-Ghanwi.^[10]

During Muhammad's stay in Yathrib, 'Ubadah participated at thebattle of Badr, which elevated his status as a patron ofIslam in the view of Muslim scholars and earned him the title ofal-Badri, which is bestowed to Muslims who attended the battle.^[3][2] 'Ubadah gave his testimony in regards to the aftermath of the battle when the Muslim army discussed their prisoners of war.^[3]

'Ubadah also participated in thebattle of Uhud.^[11]

After the ancident between theBanu Qaynuqa tribe and Muhammad, 'Ubadah announced that he had annulled the alliance with Banu Qaynuqa, and it was this incident that led to therevelation ofSurah Al-Ma'idah5:51 andSurah Al-Ma'idah5:52 from Allah to Muhammad. 'Ubadah's position as a respected head clan supersededAbdallah ibn Ubay's (another Khazraji chief) support of theJews. In the end, the entire clan instead followed 'Ubadah and supported Muhammad and they expelled the Banu Qaynuqa Jews from Medina and took theirdate palm gardens asholy war benefit for the city's Muslim community before continuing to serve in theBattle of Khandaq.^[12] In January 627, the Ansaris under 'Ubadah and his colleague, Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, led an expedition against theBanu Mustaliq tribe. The raid was successful and they took 200 families captive, along with 200 camels, 5,000 sheep, goats, and a large quantity of household goods.^[13] However, during the battle 'Ubadah unintentionally killed one of his Ansari clansmen, Hisham ibn Subabah.^[14] Sometime after thetreaty of Hudaybiyya, 'Ubadah fought in theBattle of Khaybar.^[2]

'Ubadah participated in virtually all military expeditions personally led by Muhammad before his death.^[12]

After the selection of the first caliph, rebellion broke out across the caliphate. 'Ubadah was commanded by Caliph Abu Bakr to quell therebellions across Arabia, though it history did not record which battles he was involved in.^[15][16] According to David Nicolle, the four Rashidun contingents left Medina between the autumn of 633 to 634 before Khalid converged with other contingents led by generals such asAbu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah,Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan,Amr ibn al-A'as andShurahbil Ibn Hasanah.^[17] 'Ubadah,Abu Darda, andMuadh ibn Jabal were sent toSyria after ibn Abu Sufyan asked the caliph to send him preachers to teach the newly subdued Syrian Christians. At some point, 'Ubadah was tasked to assist the military campaigns in Syria.^[2][10]

During the time of CaliphUmar ibn al-Khattab, reinforcement requests came from the Syrian front during the Rashidun'sconquest of Levant. Khattab sent 'Ubadah to join forces withAbu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah andKhalid ibn al-Walid.^[2] 'Ubadah participated in theBattle of Ajnadayn under Khalid ibn al-Walid, where the 100,000 Byzantine soldiers under Vardan were trapped, defeated, and fled toDamascus. This battle ended with more than half of the Byzantine army killed, including General Vardan.^[18][19]

During theSiege of Emesa between 635 and 636 AD, Abu Ubaydah appointed 'Ubadah as his deputy in Homs while Abu Ubaydah left to captureHamah. 'Ubadah stayed there with his wife,Umm Haram, where Umm Haram remembered the Hadith that allegedly prophesied the future conquest ofCyprus in which she and her husband participated.^[20]

'Ubadah participated in theBattle of Yarmouk.^[21]

After they defeated the Byzantine coalitions in Yarmouk, 'Ubadah, along with the army of Abu Ubaydah and Khalid, continued their conquest until they reached Northern Syria, where they turned south to pacify the shore areas of Levant. 'Ubadah was instructed to lead a detachment to subdueTartus, a coastal fortress city.^[22] While 'Ubadah occupied Tartus in 636, Mu'awiya came to the city, and built anAmsar complex, while also delegating fiefs to the garrison commanders.^[23][24]

'Ubadah was commanded by Abu Ubaydah to march towardsJablah and Laodicea (Latakia).^{[25][26][2][27]} 'Ubadah met with resistance from the local garrison during thesiege of Latakia. He observed that the city had a massive gate that could only be opened by a large number of men. He ordered his men to camp and dig trenches that could hide a rider on horseback. 'Ubadah and his army pretended to return to Homs, while at night he ordered the army to return hide themselves inside the trench. As soon as people in Laodicea thought 'Ubadah had left, they opened the gate to let their cattle out. 'Ubadah then ordered his entire army to attack. The Byzantines were caught by surprise and failed to close the gate. He climbed the wall then gave signal ofTakbir terrifying the Byzantine defenders to flee towards Al-Yusaiyid.^[23] The fleeing Byzantine soldiers and local citizens returned and surrendered to 'Ubadah, who accepted their surrender and allowed them to return to their homes with specific conditions, including the obligation to pay theKharaj land tax.^[23] While 'Ubadah oversaw Latakia, no buildings were razed including churches, while starting to build mosques. He stayed to establish the order of the caliphate on the subdued population. One particular mosque, Jami' al Bazaar or Mosque al-Bazaar survives. Laodicea was renamed to Latakia orAl-Ladhiqiyah.^[22][28]

After settling matters in Latakia, 'Ubadah marched into other Byzantine controlled cities, and subdued them one by one fromSalamiyah toBaniyas port city.^[24]

Circa 630s, 'Ubadah subdued the city ofPaltus, which would become an Arab settlement calledArab al-Mulk during later era, as recorded byYaqut al-Hamawi.^[29]

In July 640, during thesiege of Babylon fortress inEgypt against the Byzantine forces, the caliph sent 'Ubadah with 4,000 soldiers.^[30] The four commanders were two veteran Muhajireen,Zubayr ibn al-Awwam andMiqdad ibn al-Aswad; a young Ansari commander namedMaslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari; and 'Ubadah. These reinforcements arrived in September 640.^[2] ImamAwza'i, aTabi'un and founder of now extinct Awza'i schoolMadhhab, recorded that he witnessed the Muslim conquest of Egypt and he confirmed that 'Ubadah was among the leaders.^[1] Amr ibn al-Aas decided to battle on the open field nearHeliopolis in early to mid July 640. 8,000 al-Aas soldiers were led by Zubayr, 'Ubadah, Maslama, Miqdad,Bisr ibn Abi Artat. They defeated the 20,000 strong Byzantine army under Theodore.^[31][32] The Muslimsbesieged the fortress over the course of months without a clear victory. During the siege, both sides exchanged envoys in an effort to demoralize each other.^[2] In the days leading up to the end, 'Ubadah was sent with a delegation toMuqawqis to negotiate for the last time. It is said that Muqawqis became afraid of 'Ubadah when he saw 'Ubadah's dark and majestic appearance. 'Ubadah then mocked Muqawqis in a chronicle:

Truly there are 1000 of my comrades behind me. They are peoples who have darker skin than me and more sinister than me. if you saw them you would be more scared than you see me. I was appointed (as the leader) and my youth had passed. and praise be to Allah. You know, I'm not afraid if 100 of your people face me alone at once. so are my comrades behind me^[2]

'Ubadah gave him three options: accept Islam, payJizyah, or fight. Muqawqis refused chose to continue fighting.^[2] Following the failed negotiation, Byzantine forces decided to fight, and on the same day the fortress fell to the Muslims ledZubayr ibn al-Awwam who climbed the fortress wall alone and opened the gate from inside.^[2] After the fortress had been taken, al-Aas consulted withMaslama ibn Mukhallad. Maslama suggested that Amr give a field command to 'Ubadah to attackAlexandria. 'Ubadah rode to Amr, who gave him his spear of command.^[33] 'Ubadah rode towards the army and gave a speech before commencing hisattack on Alexandria.^[34] 'Ubadah led a detachment tobesiege Alexandria and reused his strategy of using trenches to conquer Latakia in Syria. When he and his main force arrived at Alexandria's outskirts, he gave a signal to the army including those who hid in the trenches to launch an assault. His attack breached and routed the Alexandrian garrison forces on the first charge.^[10] After Alexandria, 'Ubadah stayed in Egypt to help al-Aas build the city ofFustat and its landmark, Mosque Amr ibn al-Aas.

'Ubadah was dispatched byCaliph Umar to assist Abu Ubaydah and Mu'awiya in Syria. Until the last years of caliph Umar's life, he wanted to appoint 'Ubadah as governor in Homs, as the caliph thought that the grip of the caliphate and Islam was new in that area, so he wanted someone he trusted to impose strict order.^[12] 'Ubadah declined the offer and then agreed to be instead appointed asQadi in Israel. 'Ubadah spent time during his tenure as Qadi to teach the Quran and Hadith, opened a publicMajlis^[12] and led sermons.^[35][2] 'Ubadah joined the main force of Mu'awiya to conquerCaesarea in 640 and was appointed to lead the right flank of the Mu'awiya corps during the last battle against theRomans at Qaysariyyah orCaesarea Maritima, The Muslims were repelled several times before 'Ubadah and his men crushed the Byzantine ranks in a single charge that broke the stalemate. This allowed the Muslim forces to annex the historical territory of Byzantine, which led to the formation of theJund Filistin. This ended 'Ubadah's journey in the Levant. During this time, 'Ubadah was appointed as the first governor of Jund Filistin.^[36][26][2] Later, 'Ubadah assistedMu'awiya to attackAmorium, 170 miles south east ofConstantinople,^[37] in the winter of 644 with a force of 10,000 men.^[38] This raiding operation started from area called Shaifa and ended in Amorium.^[38]

At sometimes during theMuslim conquest of the Levant, Muawiyah proposed idea to Umar to allow him built a navy which he will command to pacify the island ofCyprus. However, Umar did feel hesitant to give permission and he instead asking from other Rashidun commanders from 'Ubadah, Khalid (ibn Walid), then Amr ibn al-Aas. Amr gave his opinion that he express doubts the Rashidun army are ready to mount such naval operations, which prompted Umar to duly reject the proposal of Muawiyah.^[39][40] AfterUthman ibn al-Affan became caliph after Umar's death, Muawiyah once again wrote proposal request to the caliph to allow him to build a navy to attack Cyprus, as Muawiyah reasoned that Cyprus had become a satellite island of Byzantine forces which could threaten the caliphate on the western banks of Palestine.^[41]

'Ubadah, along with veteran companions of Muhammad such as Miqdad Ibn al-Aswad,Abu Dhar GhiFari,Shadaad ibn Aws, Khalid bin Zayd al-Ansari, andAbu Ayyub al-Ansari, all participated in building the caliphate's first Naval armada, led by Muawiyah.^[42][43] Before he joined Muawiyah's project to build first naval forces of the caliphate, 'Ubadah joined forces with Muslim general,Abd Allah ibn Qays. Together with Muawiyah, they built the first caliphate armada with permission from ibn al-Affan. Abu Dharr mentioned that Miqdad ibn Amr al-Aswad participated in this project.^[44] Shortly later, Muawiyah and 'Ubadah departed fromAcre and headed toCyprus.^[45] According toal-Baladhuri andKhalifa ibn Khayyat, Muawiyah and 'Ubadah led the attack and were accompanied by their wives Katwa bint Qaraza ibn Abd Amr of the QurayshiteBanu Nawfal and Umm Haram.^[46] Umm Haram died in an accident during the campaign.^[41] The Muslim forces accepted Cyprus' surrender under the condition that they refrain from hostility to the Muslims, inform the caliphate of any Byzantine movements, pay 7,200 dinars annually forJizya, and never reveal information to outsiders regarding the caliphate's military operations.^[41]

Muawiyah and 'Ubadah forces pacified almost every Byzantine garrison. This is evidenced by two Greek inscriptions in the Cypriot village of Solois that note those two offensives.^[47] The entire island of Cyprus surrendered after their capital,Salamis, was surrounded and besieged.^[41] At least 50 military operations occurred in Cyprus between this first campaign in 648 until the last one in 650.^[41]

One of the most famous Hadiths related to 'Ubadah and Umm Haram relate to the prophecy that the Islamic caliphate would dominate the sea on two occasions. This was taught by Muslim scholars as a prophecy of the conquest of Cyprus.^[46] 'Ubadah participated in both the initial conquest and the second campaign years later. Umm Haram narrated the prophecy, which she believed related to this campaign.Anas ibn Malik, her nephew, reminded them about the Hadith of the promise of incoming naval conquests by Islam.^[46]

In 652, Cyprus rebelled against the caliphate and caused Muawiyah and 'Ubadah to mount a second campaign.^[41] This time Muawiyah and 'Ubadah split their forces: one led by Muawiyah and the other byAbd Allah ibn Sa'd. This punitive campaign was described in Tarikh fi Asr al-Khulafa ar-Rashidin as particularly brutal. Many died in the campaign and many were taken captive.^[41]

After they pacified Cyprus once more, 'Ubadah told Muawiyah to share the spoils according to theTeaching of Muhammad, which must be divided in fifths.^[41] Muawiyah agreed with 'Ubadah's counsel and gave him the task. Afterwards, Muawiyah consulted with one of his officers, Ismail ibn al-Ayyash, as to how to prevent another uprising. Then Muawiyah decided to post a garrison of 12,000 soldiers. Muawiyah also transferred Muslim settlers fromBaalbek, to Cyprus and constructed mosques on there.^[41]

At the end of his military career, 'Ubadah retired to Palestine. WhenCaliph Uthman faced dissidents from the Khawarij sect and portions of the followers ofAbdullah ibn Saba. 'Ubadah was among those who expressed support for Uthman, as 'Ubadah opposed the revolts from the Abdullah ibn Saba followers, which was headed by Yazid ibn Qais andMalik al-Ashtar.^[48] He, Mu'awiya,Kharijah ibn Huzafah of Egypt, Anas ibn Malik, Hisham ibn Amir, Abu Darda, andTabiin pupils ofAbd Allah ibn Mas'ud were among those from outside Medina who urged the caliphate to take action against theKhawarij dissidents in Medina.^[44]

'Ubadah passed in Ramla at the age of seventy two (72) years.^[49][50][51] 'Ubadah said on his deathbed:

By Allah, every Hadith (from the Prophet) which I heard from Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. I will tell you because not long time before i leave this world, i will tell one Hadith. I have heard that Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam has said:"Whoever testifies to that there is no God besides Allah and Prophet Muhammad is messenger of Allah, then Allah will forbid the hellfire to (burn) him"^[53]

Ibn Hajar in hisSiyar A'lam Nubala in the chapter of 'Ubadah describes him as physically attractive.^[54] Several historians said his enemies were awed by his appearance.^[2]

'Ubadah's sister was named Nusaybah.^[5] His father was Samit Ibn Qais Ibn Asram Ibn Fahr while his mother was Qarat al-Ain Bint 'Ubadah bin Nidhal al-Khazrajiyya. His brother, 'Aws bin al-Samit, was married toKhawla bint Tha'labah, a disciple (Sahaba) of Muhammad who was mentioned in Surah alMujadalah.

Records fromBukhari andMuslim texts included a statement from Anas Ibn Malik that 'Ubadah was married to Umm Haram bint Milhan during the first conquest of the Island of Cyprus with Mu'awiya where Umm Haram died during the campaign.Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani translated this to mean 'Ubadah married Umm Haram during the campaign. However,Ibn Ishaq disagreed and translated the words of Anas to mean Umm Haram had married 'Ubadah before the campaign. Ibn Hajar argued further that another record fromIbn Hibban that stated that Umm Haram had just married 'Ubadah, which caused Ibrahim al Quraibi, author of Tarikh ul-Khulafa, to support the opinion of Ibn Hajar.^[55]

'Ubadah was also married to Jamilah bint Abi Sa'sa' and they had a son named Walid ibn 'Ubadah.^[1]

His son, Ubaydah ibn Ubadah ibn Ubadah, was buried in Egypt.^[56]

During his lifetime, 'Ubadah held influence within caliphate administration. He was asked to pass judgements, which only a handful of Muhammad's companions were allowed during their life. No one truly understands who gave them such privileges.^[57][58]

Regarding his battlefield achievements, 'Ubadah was known as a fearless warrior. Caliph Umar himself has praised him as an equal of 1,000 warriors.^[59] He was once recorded for displaying his personal military prowess when the Muslims had besieged a Byzantine fort. 'Ubadah was found alone praying in a field by Byzantine soldiers. Before they could approach, he jumped to his horse and advanced towards them. The Byzantine soldiers fled and were chased by 'Ubadah until they reached their fort.^[33]

He was known as a clever commander who deployed successful strategies, such as the use of ambush trenches which allowed him to conquer strongholds such as Latakia in Syria and Alexandria in Egypt.

Islam historians described 'Ubadah as a proud man who could not be easily intimidated during negotiation. He is known as a solemn personality who detested sycophants, which he showed at one Friday prayer in Damascus. Thekhatib lauded him with praise when 'Ubadah was a chief judge. He threw mud in the Khatib's face and quoted Hadith about the instruction from Muhammad to throw mud in the face of flatterers.^[60] Caliph Umar held 'Ubadah in high regard. The caliph respected him to the extent that he gave 'Ubadah important tasks.^[2] Caliph Umar supported 'Ubadah when the latter came into dispute with Mu'awiya. The caliph appointed 'Ubadah as a judge while giving him autonomy so that Mu'awiya, who was the governor of Syria, could not interfere with his verdicts.^[2] The source of the dispute was recorded by a Hadith that was graded highly bySunan ibn Majah. The Hadith explained the difference between 'Ubadah and Mu'awiya regarding the permissibility of transactions using gold to exchange with coin of Dinar and silver with coin of Dirham.^[61]

Sunni scholars classified 'Ubadah as among the higher-ranked companions of Muhammad, due to his heritage as an Ansari and his attendance at the First and Second Pledges in Aqaba, the Battle of Badr, and thePledge of the Tree.^[63][2] At least five reasons are stated by scholars that ranked 'Ubadah in such saintly venerable status according to the traditions of Islamic scholars:

• His attendance at theAqaba pledge of allegiance, which inaugurated an honorific title ofAl-Aqabi.^[11]
• His status asAnsar, which inaugurated a honorific title of"Al-Ansari". Furthermore, The embeddings of 'Ansari by Muhammad in various Qur'an verses and Hadith were viewed as a special status in Islam. Two patrons of Hadith,Muslim andBukhari, compilled special chapters regarding the Ansar matter.^[64][65]Nasiruddin al Albani highlighted the Hadith from Muslim, that the Ansar is "the best tribe in human history until end of times".^[65]Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani recorded and gave commentary in his book,Fath al-Bari, regarding the Hadith that loving and caring the Ansaris are requiredMuslims, while bearing ill will towards the Ansaris and their families were sign ofhypocrisy.^[66]
• His attendance at the Battle of Badr, which inaugurated a honorific title of"Al-Badri".^[11] His status as a veteran is special in the eyes of scholars as Muhammad regarded those of his companions who attended Badr as among the most important in Islam.^[3]
• His attendance at the Battle of Uhud, which inaugurated a honorific title of"Al-Uhudi".^[11]
• His attendance in thePledge of the Tree.^[67]Rashid Rida explained that for everyone who pledged were regarded by Islam teaching as special.^[68] This explanation is in line withIbn Hajar al-Asqalani's explanation of the Hadith Bukhari regarding pledge attendance, which resulted to the revelation ofHadith Qudse regarding the God's will towards them.^[69]

Early Muslim scholars supported scholarly knowledge of 'Ubadah's status as evidenced fromAhmad ibn Hanbal.^[70]Al-Dhahabi listed a specific chapter of his biography in hisSiyar a'lam Nubala.^[54]

Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi narrated that during the time of Muhammad, 'Ubadah was among those who collected and wrote down the Qur'an along withMuadh ibn Jabal, Abayyuu ibn Ka'ab,Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, andAbu Darda.^[71]Quranic experts generally accepted 'Ubadah's participation in thePledge of the Tree asAsbab al-nuzul of the verse 55-56 of SurahAl-Ma'idah, which is one of the factors that makes 'Ubadah venerated.^[2] Furthermore, tradition fromAl-Tabarani andbayhaqi agreed that the revelation of verse 51 to 52 of Surah Al Ma'idah was also linked with 'Ubadah. Where the verses reprimanded 'Ubadah to not follow the path of hypocrites likeAbd-Allah ibn Ubayy who took companionship from heretics like Jews and Christians.^[72] Those verses are believed by Muslims to be the revision of theTen Commandments according to Islam.^[73][74][75] Either as revealed to Mosesoriginally or as taken by Muslims now:^[76] 'Ubadah was reportedly one of the earliest figures to teach Qur'an exegesis.Hammam ibn Munabbih, aTabi'in who authored one of the oldestHadith, reported that 'Ubadah was trusted by Muhammad to tutor the disciples ofSuffah the art of writing and impartingtafseer of Qur'an^[77]

The fact that 'Ubadah was among the few ompanions of Muhammad who are allowed to give Fatwa verdicts and passed down the knowledge of so manyHadith narrations from Muhammad, Muslim scholars across generations generally view him as one of Islam's patrons of knowledge, and borrowed traditions from 'Ubadah as the basis for various rulings, including the observance of Islamic teaching, mysticism, eschatological, ethics orjurisrudence inSunniMadhhab.^[4][2] Inal-Dhahabi's bookSiyar a'lam al-nubala, he recorded that at least one hundred and eighty-one (181) Hadiths were narrated by 'Ubadah.^[54]

Numerous Hadith for observances of Islamic faith were transmitted by 'Ubadah, such as the Hadith aboutfive daily prayers. This Hadith was deemed authentic byImam an Nasa'i.^[78][79] Another Hadith that has been used by scholars was narratd byIbn Shihab al-Zuhri. He attributed it to 'Ubadah through Mahmud ibn al-Rabi. This Hadith became a basis of laterFiqh scholars to formulate the ruling thatal-Fatiha are obligatory to be recited in every Salah ritual.^[80] Another observance Hadith transmitted by 'Ubadah was used as a metric by Muslims to measure the existence and omen ofLaylat al-Qadr, a special occasion for Muslims that occurred once a year, which are found in the work ofAhmad Bin Hanbal^[81]

On the field of Mysticism regarding teaching of Islam, Hadith from 'Ubadah were compiled byAbu Dawud regarding a dream ofMumin or true believer of Islam as one of Muhammad's forty miracles.^[82] The chains were deemed authentic by the author of the Hadith critics, while the exegete commentary preserved fromAbu Hurairah from the classical era by Mahmud ibn Ghaylan translated this Hadith that sometimes, proof of Muhammad prophecies and signs of Qur'an andSunnah appear in the dreams of believers.^[82]

In the school ofFiqh jurisprudence, Maddhab scholars fromHanafi,Hanbali,Shafii,Maliki and other smaller and extinct Madhhab schools like Madhhab ofSufyan al-Thawri took the Hadith regarding governorship and conduct of ruling that loyalty and obedience to the rightful rulers or leaders are a part of Muslim obligation and as a basis ofSharia law about government authority.^[55] The exemplary Hadith of 'Ubadah deemed important by Maliki Madhab regarding transactions was recorded by the founder of Maliki Madhhab, Malik ibn Anas in his bookMuwatta Imam Malik,^[83] which was also deemed authentic byMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj in his Hadith compilation.^[84][83]

Modern contemporary scholars such asGrand Mufti ofSaudi Arabia,Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, based theirfatwas on the basis of his Hadiths astransactions in Islam,^[84]Hajj ritual,^[84]divorces, andoaths.^[85] Meanwhile, the Sharia law aboutadultery also found from Ubadah narration of Hadith.^[86][87]

'Ubadah passed down Hadith that ruled the administration ofSpoils of War such as the one after they pacified Cyprus for the second time. 'Ubadah told Mu'awiya to share the spoils that were acquired through military campaigns according to theSunnah, which must be divided in fifths.^[41] In response Mu'awiya tasked 'Ubadah to manage the spoils.^[41]

On smaller scale operations, such as limited military raids, a hadith says 'Ubadah said that Muhammad "awarded one quarter of the spoils to those who attacked the enemy at the beginning and one third to those who attacked at the end...".^[88][89] Hanafite scholarMuhammad 'Abid al-Sindi preserved the exegesis from Ali ibn Muhammad al-Shaddad, that this Hadith rules that those involved in the start of the fight have right of one quarter of the spoils, while those who participated later acquired one third of the spoils.^[89]

Perhaps the most impactful Hadith narrated by 'Ubadah were Hadiths that focus onriba orusury.^{[90][91][92][93][94]} It rules out hand-to-hand transactions of commodities. It requires that only similar items be traded, except where the transaction consisted of two different commodities.^[94] The exegete scholars agreed that this tradition from 'Ubadah covered at least one of the six types ofriba,Riba al Fadhl type, which rules that an increase in one of the two exchanged ribawi items that are of the same nature and type.^[90] Thus, on the scope of Madhhab schools, four major Madhhabs, along withZahiri, unanimously agreed on the implementation of bans for such types ofRiba. Although the degree of the ban differs among those Madhhabs, such as that Hanbalis disagreed with Hanafis' total ban for any items, as Hanbalis argues on the basis ofSaid ibn al-Musayyib reasoning, that the Hadith of 'Ubadah were limited to foodstuffs, as non-consumable items were exempted. Sa'ib used another authentic Hadith fromAbu Sa'id al-Khudri to regard this matter as counterargument.^[95]

Historical usage of this Hadith from 'Ubadah was found, as 'Ubadah tried to implemented the Hadith during the campaign of Cyprus.^[91] However,Sunan ibn Majah recorded that during his tenure as judge in Homs, this effort of 'Ubadah to implement the rule became the source of a dispute between 'Ubadah and city governor Mu'awiya.^[61] 'Ubadah argued by basing his argument from this Hadith of usury that Islam forbid the unequal exchanging of goods unless they were of similar quality, in this case the exchange of gold to with dinar and dirham. 'Ubadah viewed that it falls under a practice ofRiba, while Mu'awiya argued that there was no element of usury, except given delays in a transaction.^{[61][Notes 4]} This Hadith was enough to overrule the early verdict regardingRiba byIbn Abbas, another companion of the Muhammad with similarly high rank. previously Ibn Abbas gave a less strict verdict regardingRiba, thus in the end Ubadah ruling regarding Riba or Usury prevailed in opinions from majority of their peers, and causing Ibn Abbas relenting his previous rulings.^[97]

'Ubadah demonstrated his skill as an architect after the conquest of Latakia. While he administered the city, he built the Great Mosque of al-Bazaar. The mosque has two western entrances. South of the mosque, leading to its courtyard is an open space recently roofed with raspberry boards. From the eastern side, two spaces open in front of the mosque, a rectangle covered with six stone arches, and a medium-sizedminaret stands on its highest base. The mosque does not contain artistic touches except for some decorations on the entrance and the minaret. On the western side of the mosque is an old bathroom.^[98]

Another example of his architecture is when he ended the conquest in Egypt with al-Aas. He was involved in planning and developingFustat and in constructing the first mosque in Egypt, known as themosque of Amr bin al-Aas. He, along with other companions such as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Abu Darda, and Miqdad ibn Amr al-Aswad, also constructed and decided theQibla or direction of prayer of the mosque.^[99][2]

'Ubadah is revered by manyPalestinian Arab communities who preserve his tomb in Ramla. Historical book authorSimon Sebag Montefiore wrote that the keeper of 'Ubadah's tomb hails from theNusaybah family, a modern Arabic family that claims to be descendants of 'Ubadah and Nusaybah, his sister.^[100] The Palestinian Arabs regard him as an influential figure as evidenced by the public sermon by Dr. Yusuf Juma Salama, one of the official khattib ofAl-Aqsa Mosque who spoke of 'Ubadah as the first judge of Palestine.^[101] A notable descendant wasSari Nusseibeh, aPalestinian Professor of Philosophy and former President ofAl-Quds University.^[102] Another prominent descendant wasSadr al-Shari'a al-Thani, aHanafi scholar, andMaturidi philosophist.^[103]

'Ubadah influenced the Ansari descendants of later generations, who held elite positions in various areas, particularlyHejaz.^[104]

Regarding 'Ubadah legacy ofemancipation,Mustafa al-Siba'i noted that emancipation within Islam was apparent due to the fact that there were one thousand (1,000)black skinned warriors under his command.^[105] 'Ubadah rebuked theracist attitude shown by scared, yet scornful Muqawqis towardsblack peoples during the negotiation of the latter's surrender during the conquest of Egypt.^[106]

• Second pledge at al-Aqabah
• Muslim conquest of Egypt
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Muslim conquest of the Levant
• Jund Filastin
• 7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon

• Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam ofUrwah ibn Zubayr, an historian during Rashidun era.
• Earliest records ofMaghazi (historical records regarding Islamic conquests) of Muhammad byTabi'in historianAban ibn Uthman
• Recorded narrations of Maghaziclassifications byIbn Shihab al-Zuhri
• Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate
• Sahih Bukhari Chapter 57: Book of Jihad, regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition
• Sahih Muslim Chapter 19: KITAB AL-JIHAD WA'L-SIYAR (The Book of Jihad And Expedition), regarding ethics and conduct during wartime
• Bulugh al-Maram Chapter 10. The book of Jihad. treatise regarding basis of military conducts and treatise attributed toShafiʽite scholarIbn Hajar al-Asqalani.
• Siyar a'lam al-nubala historical and biographical accounts of companions of miasmas, authored byAl-Dhahabi.
• Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (Biography of the prophet of Allah) byIbn Hisham
• Sunan al-Kubra lil Behaqi, commonly known asSunan al-Bayhaqi; authored byal-Bayhaqi
• al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr;Al-Mu'jam al-Awsat; andAl-Mu'jam as-Saghir, Three compilations of Hadith authored byAl-Tabarani
• Masabih al-Sunnah contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests, including those directly involved in the conquest. Authored byAl-Baghawi
• Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (The Life of the Prophet)', an edited recension byIbn Isḥāq
• Historical excerpts fromAbu Bakr al-Zubaydi, scholar and historian from theCaliphate of Córdoba
• Futuh al-Buldan, The Conquest of (the) countries, a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historianAhmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri of Abbasid-era Baghdad
• Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Arabic: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns") by al-Waqidi
• Al-Bidayah wa Nihayah; authored byIbn Kathir
• Kitāb aṭ-Tabaqāt al-Kabīr (transl. The Book of the Major Classes), eight-volume work contains the lives of Muhammad, his Companions and Helpers, including those who fought at the Battle of Badr as a special class, and of the following generation, the Followers, who received their traditions from the Companions, authored byIbn Sa'd
• Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah (The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions), a biographical work about Muhammad and 7,554 of his companions, authored byAli ibn al-Athir

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