U.S. Route 290 (US 290) is an east–westU.S. Highway located entirely within the state ofTexas. Its western terminus is atInterstate 10 southeast ofSegovia, and its eastern terminus is atInterstate 610 in northwestHouston.^[1] It is the main highway betweenHouston andAustin and is a cutoff for travelers wanting to bypassSan Antonio onInterstate 10. Throughout its length west of Austin, US 290 cuts across mountainous hills comprising theTexas Hill Country and theEdwards Plateau; between Austin and Houston, the highway then travels through gradually hilly grasslands and pine forests comprising theGulf Coastal Plains.

U.S. Highway 290
US 290 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route ofUS 90
Maintained byTxDOT
Length	261.187 mi[1] (420.340 km)
Existed	1927[1]–present
Major junctions
West end	I-10 nearSegovia
Major intersections	US 87 inFredericksburg US 281 inJohnson City I-35 inAustin US 183 inAustin US 77 inGiddings
East end	I-610 inHouston
Location
Country	United States
State	Texas
Counties	Kimble,Gillespie,Blanco,Hays,Travis,Bastrop,Lee,Fayette,Washington,Waller,Harris
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Highways in Texas Interstate US State Former Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec
←SH 289 →SH 290

In its original designation in 1926, US 290 originally traveled fromUS 80 inReeves County to terminate in San Antonio; though the highway still retains its designation from southeast of Segovia toFredericksburg,I-10 andUS 87 replaced much of the old routing in 1935. US 290 also received several minor re-routings east of Austin in 1951 that moved it further north, eliminating the old SH 20; the old routings were replaced bySH 71 andSH 21. While US 290 does not directly connect to its parent route ofU.S. Route 90, ramps at its eastern terminus lead to US 90 andI-10.

US 290 begins fromI-10 roughly 12 miles (19 km) southeast ofSegovia. It begins to travel due east through rural farmlands in the Texas Hill Country before reachingHarper, where it is the main west–east road in the town.^[2] Afterwards, US 290 begins making slight curves as it crosses several creeks and tributaries until it joinsUS 87 and runs as Main Street throughFredericksburg. The two highways travel together for eleven blocks in downtown Fredericksburg before US 87 splits south of US 290 at an intersection directly south of theNational Museum of the Pacific War.^[2] Traveling due south, US 290 returns to an eastward path after crossing thePedernales River, where it serves as a major artery for Fredericksburg's agricultural district, includingWildseed Farms.^[2] The highway then runs parallel to the Pedernales River, and after passingStonewall, serves the south side ofLBJ Ranch.^[2] As the Pedernales River arcs further north, US 290 continues east through several wineries before approachingJohnson City and bordering the north side of theLBJ Johnson City Unit.^[2] US 290 runs along Main Street throughout downtown Johnson City as it joinsUS 281 and heads south.^[2]

After traveling through additional hilly terrain, US 290 splits east from US 281 and twists through slopes in the Edwards Plateau, where an intersection withRM 3232 in the unincorporated community ofHenly provides access toPedernales Falls State Park. US 290 then curves south to serve downtownDripping Springs, and then serves various residential areas as it crosses into southwestAustin.^[2] The highway then begins a concurrency withSH 71 at a series of traffic lights and travels through Austin's Oak Hill district before becoming a five-to-six-lane freeway. In the community ofSunset Valley, US 290 has interchanges withLoop 1 (MoPac Expressway) andLoop 360 (Capital of Texas Highway) providing access to theBarton Creek Greenbelt, and is then designated as Ben White Boulevard while it travels through south-central Austin, crossing theUPRR Austin Subdivision railroad in the process. Shortly afterward, US 290 splits north from SH 71 in a stack interchange to run concurrent withI-35.^[2]

Upon beginning its concurrency with I-35, US 290 travels through the suburban Riverside and Travis Heights districts while also servingSt. Edward's University. After crossing theColorado River, I-35 and US 290 cut between downtown Austin and the East Cesar Chavez district, being the only major highways to serve theAustin Convention Center and theTexas State Capitol. Just prior to bordering the east side of the mainUniversity of Texas at Austin campus, I-35 and US 290 split into two decks for about 2 miles (3.2 km), resurfacing close to the formerMueller Airport.^[2] US 290 then splits due east from I-35 southeast of the formerHighland Mall as a four-lane freeway. Not long after, US 290 has an interchange withUS 183 and promptly becomes a tolled freeway designated as the Manor Expressway. It then travels through much of industrial East Austin and Daffan before reverting to a four-lane divided highway after an interchange withSH 130, less than a mile shy ofManor.^[2] US 290 then makes its way through rolling meadows dotted with suburban areas in northeast Travis County, then travels through southernElgin where it forms a brief concurrency withSH 95. Passing through the town ofMcDade, US 290 cuts through piney woods north of theLost Pines Forest and has an interchange withSH 21 west ofPaige. US 290 continues east, running parallel to theAustin and Northwestern Railroad east branch until approachingGiddings, where the highway travels along Austin Street, intersectingUS 77 near the town's center.^[2]

US 290 travels southeast toLedbetter, where it then travels through additional grassland before bounding northeast toBurton. The highway then entersBrenham, where it briefly joinsSH 36 to serveBlinn College and bypass the city as a four-lane freeway. After exiting Brenham, US 290 runs parallel to the oldWashington County Railroad and goes throughChappell Hill to serve every historic landmark there, then crosses theBrazos River to move through a rural auto-industrial area.^[2]SH 6 joins US 290 north ofHempstead, where the two highways become a four-lane freeway notable for its role as ahurricane evacuation route. Running parallel to theHouston and Texas Central Railway from the north, US 290 finally comes right next to it roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) prior to intersectingSH 99. The highway is then designated as Northwest Freeway (legally as the Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway^[3]) as it travels through the suburb ofCypress, later splitting off SH 6 to the south in the suburb ofJersey Village. Following an interchange with theSam Houston Tollway, US 290 serves several businesses and neighborhoods in northwestHouston before terminating at an interchange withI-610 west of the Lazybrook/Timbergrove district.^[2]

On June 21, 1917, the department's Office of State Highway Engineer issued a proposal for the state highway system. The proposal includedSH 20 originally planned as theAustin-Houston Highway betweenAustin andHouston by way ofBastrop,Giddings,Brenham, andHempstead.^[4] On July 17, 1917, the planned route was extended from Austin toBrady by way ofBurnet,Llano, andMason.^[5][6] On December 17, 1918, SH 20 was rerouted away from Bastrop, with the section from Austin to Bastrop transferred toSH 3A.^[7] The section of SH 20 from Hempstead to Houston was cancelled as it was already part of the Gulf Division Branch ofSH 2.

On November 19, 1917, an intercounty highway from Austin throughJohnson City toFredericksburg was designated.^[8] On January 20, 1919, this was changed to an auxiliary route of Highway 20, Highway 20A.^[9][10] The highway routes remained unchanged in a 1922 proposal that rated both routes as "second class" under a three-tier system.^[11]

On August 21, 1923, SH 20 in the new highway system was routed over the previously proposed Highway 20A from Fredericksburg to Austin and then over the proposed Highway 20 to Hempstead as a second class highway. The old route toLeander was cancelled, and northwest of there became part ofSH 43 when it was extended southwest. In 1924, the state highway department assumed responsibility to maintain all state highways which were previously maintained by the counties. The following year, state lawmakers vest the department with the authority to acquire right of way, survey, plan, and build highways.^[12] On August 10, 1925, SH 20 was given a third class extension toKerrville.^[13] On February 20, 1928, SH 20 was given an auxiliary route SH 20A from Fredericksburg to a point on the highway between Kerrville andJunction.^[14] All of the highway from Fredericksburg to Hempstead was classified as a "secondary federal highway". The portion between Fredericksburg and Kerrville along with the new auxiliary route were classified as "state highways" eligible for state aid only.^[15]

On March 19, 1930, the SH 20 designation was dropped over the Fredericksburg to Kerrville highway (replaced by an extendedSH 81) and extended instead over the auxiliary route SH 20A. In 1933 the road was described between Fredericksburg and Hempstead as paved except for the portion inHays County aroundDripping Springs and a short portion west ofElgin that were described as surfaced. The portion west of Fredericksburg toward Junction was graded earth.^[16] In 1935, US 290 was routed over SH 20 except for the portion between Austin andPaige where US 290 was routed further south throughBastrop.^[17] By 1936, the formerly surfaced portion west of Elgin had been paved, but the Hays County portion remained merely surfaced. West of Fredericksburg, theGillespie County portion had been surfaced while theKimble County portion remained as an improved earth road.^[18] On September 26, 1939, the SH 20 designation was dropped along all portions of the route running along US 290 as a result of that day's general redescription of the state highway system, leaving SH 20 as a greatly shortened route running from Austin to US 290 near Paige. On May 23, 1951, US 290 was relocated away from Bastrop northward along SH 20 which was then decommissioned.^[19]

In its original designation in the late 1920s, US 290 traveled from an intersection withUS 80 in westernReeves County to an eastern terminus inSan Antonio. On March 1, 1935, US 290 was re-routed further north to terminate in Houston, and the previous alignment from Fredericksburg to San Antonio was redesignated asUS 87.^[1][20] Following the 1935 re-routing, US 290 traveled through much of its present-day routing, with the exception of a designation traveling through Austin andBastrop before following theOld San Antonio Road to Paige. On May 23, 1951, US 290 was rerouted further north to Elgin, while the original routing was transferred to SH 71 from Austin to Bastrop, and SH 21 from Bastrop to Paige.^[21][22]

Through Austin, US 290 originally followed Lamar Boulevard and Cesar Chavez Street to I-35 (thenUS 81). On May 30, 1951, US 290 and SH 71 were both rerouted onto their present-day designations on Ben White Boulevard, and the old designations were transferred toLoop 343.^[23]

On November 21, 1991, the US 290 designation was deleted between the old US 80 junction and its current western terminus southeast of Segovia due to being supplanted by I-10. Much of the old route nearSheffield becameSH 290. Other former alignments that are part of the state highway system include theFort Stockton andBalmorheabusiness routes of Interstate 10,RM 1312 betweenOzona andSonora,RM 3130 between Sonora andRoosevelt, andRM 1674 between Roosevelt andJunction.^{[1][24][25][26][27][28][29]}

In Austin, US 290 initially received two different freeway upgrades; the first took place circa the 1970s from the north interchange with I-35 near Highland Mall to US 183 east of the Coronado Hills district, while the second took place in the late 1990s and early 2000s from the Williamson Creek crossing in the Oak Hill district to the south interchange with I-35 near St. Edward's University.^[30] In 2012, theCentral Texas Regional Mobility Authority began constructing a third freeway upgrade from the existing interchange with US 183 to the crossing at Gilleland Creek west of Manor; this designation, known as the Manor Expressway, was completed on May 17, 2014.^[31]

Prior to construction of the Northwest Freeway, US 290 through Houston followed Hempstead Highway, which runs parallel to the freeway approximately one-half mile to the southwest. The eastern terminus of US 290 was also approximately one mile to the southeast at the intersection of Hempstead Highway, Washington Avenue and Old Katy Road.

The interchange withI-610 and first part offrontage roads opened in 1963. The first freeway section opened in 1975. In 1982, freeway main lanes completed to just insideBeltway 8. In 1990, thestack interchange with Beltway 8 were completed. From 1984 to 2005, the main lanes outside Beltway 8 were completed.^[32]

The freeway was constructed to only three lanes in each direction, but a major investment study in 2002 requested expansion to five lanes in each direction inside Beltway 8 and four lanes in each direction from Beltway 8 to the then-proposedSH 99.^[32]

In 2011, two members of theU.S. House of Representatives,John Culberson andMichael T. McCaul, asked TxDOT to advocate for the relabeling of US 290 as an interstate highway.^[33]

Due to heavy congestion on US 290 in Austin's Oak Hill district, in 2022 CTRMA began upgrading US 290 to a freeway between the east intersection of Circle Drive and the existing end of the current freeway at Old Fredericksburg Road;^[34] this expansion is known as the Oak Hill Parkway.

In Houston, theHarris County Toll Road Authority is planning to construct toll managed lanes along and adjacent to the US 290 right-of-way, to be called the Hempstead Tollway.^[32][35]

The entire route is inTexas. All exits are unnumbered.

US 290 currently has threebusiness routes and one former loop.

Loop 64 is a former business loop of US 290 through the town ofDripping Springs. The highway was designated in 1958 along the former route of US 290 through the town along Mercer Street when the main highway was re-routed two blocks to the south. Loop 64 was removed from the state highway system in 2003 and returned to the city of Dripping Springs for maintenance.^[37]

The Loop 64 designation was previously used for a highway inHenderson County. This Loop 64 was designated in 1939, running fromSH 31 southeast to a point on theSt. Louis Southwestern Railroad inTrinidad. The highway was cancelled and combined withFM 764 in 1948.^[38]

Business U.S. Highway 290-F (Bus. US 290) is the original routing of US 290 through the town ofBrenham. The route is 4.59 miles (7.39 km) in length. The route was designated asLoop 318 throughout its entire length on January 18, 1960. On February 28, 1973, the section from then-SH 90 westward became part of SH 105. It was established in 1990 when the mainline of US 290 was rerouted along withSH 36 around the western and southern sides of Brenham.^[39] The routing begins to the west of town at an intersection with SH 36. The business route continues east into downtown on Main Street. Before reaching downtown, the route splits into two parallel one-way streets: Main Street carrying westbound traffic and Alamo Street carrying eastbound traffic. It passes through downtown, meeting the business routing of State Highway 36 and the western terminus ofSH 105. At this intersection, the business route turns south on Market Street, and continues out of Brenham, rejoining the mainline US 290 near an intersection withFM 577.^[40]

Business U.S. Highway 290-H (Bus. US 290) is the original routing of US 290 through the towns ofHempstead,Waller, andHockley. This route was designated between 1995 and 1998 in stages as a limited-access bypass route was constructed to the north of these towns.^[41] It begins at the interchange with US 290 and SH 6 and travels south into Hempstead along 10th Street.^[42][43] At an intersection withSH 159, the business route turns east onto Austin Street and subsequently runs parallel to the adjacent railroad after leaving Hempstead city limits. It intersects several amenities inPrairie View before serving downtown Waller while designated as Hempstead Road.^[44][45] After passing through several industrial facilities and serving downtown Hockley, the business route becomes US 290's southbound frontage road just prior to the interchange with Badtke Road.

Business U.S. Highway 290-L (Bus. US 290) is the original routing of US 290 through the town ofCypress. The route was designated in 1993 as a limited-access bypass was built to the northeast of the original routing.^[46] At roughly 1.3 miles (2.1 km), it is US 290's shortest designated business route, serving the south side of Cypress's shopping area near the Fry Road and Spring Cypress Road interchanges.^[47]

• Endpoints of U.S. Highway 290