TheTorres Strait Islands are anarchipelago of at least 274 small islands in theTorres Strait, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia'sCape York Peninsula and the island ofNew Guinea. They span an area of 48,000 km² (19,000 sq mi), but their total land area is 566 km² (219 sq mi).

Torres Strait Islands

Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders
Location of the Torres Strait Islands, betweenCape York Peninsula,Queensland,Australia andPapua New Guinea.
Geography
Coordinates	10°34′44″S142°13′12″E / 10.579°S 142.220°E /-10.579; 142.220
Area	566 km2 (219 sq mi)
Administration
Australia
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Capital and largest city	Thursday Island
Chairmana Chief Executive Officera	Napau Pedro Stephen Leilani Bin-Juda
Demographics
Demonym	Torres Strait Islander
Population	4,514[1] (2016)
Languages	English; important local languages:Kalau Lagau Ya,Meriam Mir,Torres Strait Creole

The Islands are inhabited by the indigenousTorres Strait Islanders. LieutenantJames Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia atPossession Island in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part ofQueensland, a constituent State of theCommonwealth of Australia, but are administered by theTorres Strait Regional Authority, astatutory authority of theAustralian federal government. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to theWestern Province ofPapua New Guinea, most importantlyDaru Island and its provincial capital,Daru.

Only 17 of the islands are inhabited.^[2] The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the2016 Australian census, with 91.8% of these identifying asIndigenous Torres Strait Island peoples. Although counted asIndigenous Australians, Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantlyMelanesian, are ethnically and culturally different fromAboriginal Australians.

The SpanishExplorerLuís Vaez de Torres sailed theTorres Strait in 1606.^[3] Torres had joined the expedition ofPedro Fernandes de Queirós, which sailed west fromPeru across the Pacific Ocean, in search ofTerra Australis.

LieutenantJames Cook first claimed British sovereignty in 1770 over the eastern part of Australia atPossession Island, calling itNew South Wales in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third.

British administrative control did not begin until 1862 in the Torres Strait Islands, marked by the appointment of John Jardine, police magistrate atRockhampton, as Government Resident in the Torres Straits. He originally established a small settlement onAlbany Island, but on 1 August 1864 he settled at Somerset Island.^[4] Although the Torres Strait Islanders had long dived forpearl shells themselves, the international industry of pearl andtrochus shells, for using themother of pearl as decoration, started in earnest in the 1860s. By the 1890s, the islands were supplying more than 50 per cent of the world's pearl shells.^[5][6]

TheLondon Missionary Society (LMS) mission, led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane, arrived onErub (Darnley Island) on 1 July 1871. After theAnglican Church took over their mission in the 20th century, they referred to the events as "The Coming of the Light", and established an annual celebration on 1 July.^[7]

In 1872, the boundary of Queensland was extended to includeThursday Island and other islands in Torres Strait within 60 miles of the Queensland coast.^[4]

In June 1875, ameasles epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80%, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.^[8]

In 1879, Queenslandannexed the other Torres Strait Islands. They were classified as part of the Britishcolony of Queensland and, after 1901, of the Australian state of Queensland. But some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea.

In 1885, John Douglas was appointed as Government Resident Magistrate residing on Thursday Island. He made periodic tours of all the islands and was known to all the natives. He established the system under which the hereditary native chief of each island was installed as chief magistrate, supporting the local traditional system. He also established Native Police, but the only island on which the Native Police were armed wasSaibai. There they were provided withSnider carbines to repel the attacks of theMarind-anim (formerly known as Tugeri), the headhunters who raided the islands from their territory on the New Guinea coast.^[4]

In 1898–1899, the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition led byAlfred Cort Haddon visited the Torres Strait Islands. Among its members wasW. H. R. Rivers, who later gained notability for his work in psychology and treating officers in the Great War.^[9] They collected and took about 2000 cultural artefacts, ostensibly to save them from destruction by missionaries. But all of the artefacts collected by Samuel Macfarlane were sold in London, mostly to European museums.^[10]

In 1904, the peoples of the Torres Strait Islands were made subject to theAboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897,^[11] which gavedraconian powers to the Queensland government in placing legal restrictions on natives and on their land use.^[10]

In 1899, John Douglas had initiated a process of electing island councils, intended to loosen the power of missionaries in the islands. They had become powerful by default because the government did not have resources to administer the territory. In the Western islands, where the traditional lifestyle was semi-nomadic, the council system continued to thrive.^[10]

DuringWorld War II, many Torres Strait Islanders served in theTorres Strait Light Infantry Battalion of theAustralian Army.^[12] It is the only Australian Army unit to have been formed out of indigenous Australians.

From 1960 to 1973,Margaret Lawrie captured some of the Torres Strait Islander people's culture by recording their recounting of local myths and legends. Her anthropological work, stored at theState Library of Queensland, has recently been recognised and registered with the Australian UNESCOMemory of the World Programme.^[10]

The proximity of the islands toPapua New Guinea became an issue when the territory started moving to gainindependence from Australia, which it gained in 1975. The Papua New Guinea government objected to the position of the border close to the New Guinean mainland, and the subsequent complete control that Australia exercised over the waters of the strait. The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border.^[13] The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea, but were opposed by the Queensland government andQueensland Premier SirJoh Bjelke-Petersen.^[14]

An agreement was struck in 1978 whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian, but themaritime boundary between Australia and Papua New Guinea was defined as running through the centre of the strait. In practice the two countries co-operate closely in the management of the strait's resources.^[15]

In 1982,Eddie Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islander people from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership. Because Mabo was the first-named plaintiff, it became known as theMabo Case. In 1992, after ten years of hearings before theQueensland Supreme Court and theHigh Court of Australia, the latter court found that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland.^[16] This ruling overturned the long-establishedlegal doctrine ofterra nullius ("no-one's land"), which held thatnative title over Crown land in Australia had been extinguished at the time of annexation. The ruling thus has had far-reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders andAustralian Aboriginal people. Its effects are still being felt in the 21st century, as indigenous communities establish claims to their traditional lands under theNative Title Act of 1993.

On 1 July 1994, theTorres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA) was created. In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, orTorres Strait Island Region, created by theQueensland Government in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local governments throughout the State.^[10] It is administered fromThursday Island, but Thursday,Horn Island,Prince of Wales Island and many others are under theShire of Torres council.^[17]

In the2016 census, the population of the Torres Strait Islands was 4,514, of whom 4,144 (91.8%) wereTorres Strait Islanders.^[1] These inhabitants live on only 14 of the 274 islands.^[18] For comparison, people identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent living in the whole of Australia numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal descent numbered a further 26,767.^[19]

The islands span an area of some 48,000 km² (19,000 sq mi). The strait from Cape York to New Guinea has a width of approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) at its narrowest point; the islands lie scattered in between, extending some 200 to 300 kilometres (120 to 190 mi) from furthest east to furthest west. The total land area of the islands comprises 566 km² (219 sq mi).^[20] 21,784 hectares (53,830 acres) of land are used for agricultural purposes.^[21]

TheTorres Strait itself was previously part of aland bridge known as the Arafura Plain which connected the present-day Australian continent with New Guinea (in a single landmass calledSahul,Meganesia,Australia-New Guinea).^[22][23] This land bridge was most recently submerged byrising sea levels at the end of thelast ice-age glaciation approximately 12,000 years ago, forming the Strait which now connects theArafura andCoral seas. Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose.

The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marineecosystems, with niches for many rare or unique species.Saltwater crocodiles inhabit the islands along with neighbouring areas ofQueensland andPapua New Guinea. Marine animals of the islands includedugongs (anendangered species ofsea mammal widely found throughout the Indian Ocean and tropical Western Pacific, including Papua-New Guinean and Australian waters), as well asgreen,ridley,hawksbill andflatback sea turtles.

The Torres Strait Islands may be grouped^{[by whom?]} into five distinct clusters, which exhibit differences ofgeology and formation as well as location. The Torres Strait provides a habitat fornumerous birds, including theTorresian imperial-pigeon, which is seen^{[by whom?]} as the iconic national emblem to the islanders.^{[citation needed]}

These islands are also a distinct physiographic section of the largerCape York Platformprovince, which in turn is part of the largerEast Australian Cordilleraphysiographic division.

The islands in this cluster lie very close to the southwestern coastline of New Guinea (the closest is less than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) offshore).Saibai (one of the largest of the Torres Strait Islands) andBoigu (one of theTalbot Islands) are low-lying islands which were formed by deposition ofsediments and mud from New Guinean rivers into the Strait accumulating on decayed coral platforms. Vegetation on these islands mainly consists ofmangrove swamps, and they are prone to flooding.

The other main island in this group,Dauan (Mt Cornwallis), is a smaller island with steep hills, composed largely ofgranite. This island actually represents the northernmost extent of theGreat Dividing Range, the extensive series ofmountain ranges which runs along almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia. This peak became an island as the ocean levels rose at the end of the last ice age.

The isolated and uninhabitedDeliverance Island is 67 kilometres (42 mi) west of Boigu, the nearest of the Top Western islands.

The islands in this cluster lie south of the Strait's midway point, and are also largely high granite hills with mounds ofbasaltic outcrops, formed from old peaks of the now submerged land bridge.Moa (Banks Island) is the second-largest in the Torres Strait, andBadu (Mulgrave Island) is slightly smaller and fringed with extensive mangrove swamps. Other smaller islands includeMabuiag, Pulu and further to the east Naghir (correct formNagi, aka Mount Ernest Island). Culturally this was the most complex part of Torres Strait, containing three of the four groupings/dialects of the Western-central Islanders, Nagi being culturally/linguistically a Central Island (Kulkalaig territory, specifically part of Waraber tribal waters), Moa is part of the Muwalaig-Italaig-Kaiwalaig [Kauraraig/Kaurareg] tribal areas, with two groups, the Italaig of the south, and the Muwalaig of the north. Many Kauraraig also live there, having been forcibly moved there in 1922–1923. Badu and Mabuiag are theMaluigalDeep Sea People.^{[citation needed]}

These islands, also known as the Thursday Island group, lie closest to Cape York Peninsula, and theirtopography and geological history is very similar.Muralag (Prince of Wales Island) is the largest of the Strait's islands, and forms the centre of this closely grouped cluster. The much smaller WaibenThursday Island is the region's administrative centre and most heavily populated. Several of these islands have permanent freshwater springs, and some were also mined forgold in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Because of their proximity to the Australian mainland, they have also been centres ofpearling andfishing industries. NurupaiHorn Island holds the region's airport, and as a result is something of anentrepôt with inhabitants drawn from many other communities.Kiriri (Hammond Island) is the other permanently settled island of this group; Tuined (Possession Island) is noted forLt. James Cook's landing there in 1770. Moa in the Near Western group is culturally and linguistically speaking part of this group.

This cluster is more widely distributed in the middle of Torres Strait, consisting of many small sandycays surrounded bycoral reefs, similar to those found in the nearbyGreat Barrier Reef. The more northerly islands in this group however, such asGerbar (Two Brothers) andIama (Yam Island), are high basaltic outcrops, not cays. Nagi is a culturo-linguistic part of this group, and also has high basaltic outcropping. The low-lying inhabited coral cays, such asPoruma (Coconut Island),Warraber Island andMasig (Yorke Island) are mostly less than 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 miles) long, and no wider than 800 metres (2,600 feet). Several have had problems withsaltwater intrusion.

The islands of this group (principallyMer (Murray Island), Dauar and Waier, withErub Island andStephen Island (Ugar) further north) are formed differently from the rest. They arevolcanic in origin, the peaks of volcanoes which were active inPleistocene times. Consequently, their hillsides have rich and fertile red volcanic soils, and are thickly vegetated. The easternmost of these are less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef.

The national flag features a white Dhari (headdress) and, underneath, a white five-pointed star, symbolising "peace, the five major island groups and the navigational importance of stars to the seafaring people of the Torres Strait". The five points of the star on the flag represent the following regions (which do not match administrative regions):^[24]

• Northern Division (Boigu, Dauan, Saibai)
• Eastern Islands (Erub, Mer, Ugar)
• Western Division (St. Pauls, Kubin, Badu, Mabuiag)
• Central Division (Masig, Poruma, Warraber, Iama)
• Southern Division (Thursday, Horn, Prince of Wales and Hammond Islands, NPA and Mainland Australia)

A celebration known as Flag Day takes place on 29 May each year, the anniversary of the day the flag was officially presented to the people of the Torres Strait.^[25]

TheTorres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA), an Australian Commonwealth statutory authority created in 1994, exercises governance over the islands. The TSRA has an elected board comprising 20 representatives from theTorres Strait Islander andAboriginal communities resident in the Torres Strait region.

One representative per established local community wins election to the board under theQueensland Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984 and Division 5 of theATSIC Act 1989. The TSRA itself falls under the portfolio responsibilities of theAustralian GovernmentDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (previously under theDepartment of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs).Thursday Island functions as the administrative centre of the islands.

The TSRA now represents the local communities at both Commonwealth andState levels; previously, State representation operated via a Queensland statutory authority called the Island Coordinating Council (ICC). TheTorres Strait Island Region local government area superseded the ICC in March 2008.

In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, orTorres Strait Island Region, created by theQueensland Government in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local Governments throughout the State.^[10] It is administered fromThursday Island, but Thursday,Horn Island,Prince of Wales Island and many others are under theShire of Torres council.^[26]

At the local level, there are two authorities. One is theShire of Torres, which governs several islands and portions of Cape York Peninsula and operates as a Queenslandlocal government area.

The other is theTorres Strait Island Region, created in 2008, which embodies 15 former island councils. These former councils had been previously relinquished by theGovernment of Queensland to specific Islander and Aboriginal Councils under the provisions of theCommunity Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984 and theCommunity Services (Aboriginal) Act 1984), consisting of:

This shows the localities of the Torres Strait Islands in alphabetical order.^{[citation needed]}

Politicians who have declared support for independence, includeBob Katter and former Queensland PremierAnna Bligh, who in August 2011 wrote toPrime MinisterJulia Gillard in support of Torres Strait Islands independence fromAustralia; Prime Minister Gillard said in October 2011 "her government will respectfully consider the Torres Strait's request for self-government". Other figures who have supported independence include Australian Indigenous rights campaignerEddie Mabo.^[27][28][29]

Torres Strait Islander peoples, the indigenous peoples of the islands, are predominantly Melanesians, culturally most akin to the coastal peoples ofPapua New Guinea. Thus, they are regarded as being distinct from Aboriginal peoples of Australia and are generally referred to separately, despite ongoing historical trade and inter-marriage with mainland Aboriginal people. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland,Bamaga andSeisia.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Torres Strait Treaty, residents of Papua New Guinea are permitted to visit the Torres Strait Islands for traditional purposes.^[31]

There are three languages spoken on the islands. The two indigenous languages are theWestern-Central Torres Strait Language (called by various names, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Kulkalgau Ya and Kaiwaligau Ya), and the Eastern Torres LanguageMeriam Mir.^{[citation needed]}

Yumplatok (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporaryTorres Strait Island language spoken in theTorres Strait. The contact with missionaries, traders and other English speakers since the 19th century led to the development of apidgin language. It developed more fully as acreole language, with its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture ofStandard Australian English and traditional indigenous languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on theAustralian mainland, including in theNorthern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such asCairns,Townsville,Mackay,Rockhampton andBrisbane.^[32]

The Torres Strait Islands are threatened by rising sea levels, especially those islands which do not rise more than one metre (3.3 feet)above sea level.^[33]Storm surges and high tides pose the greatest danger. Other developing problems include erosion, property damage, drinking water contamination and the unearthing of the dead. As of June 2010, there were no relocation strategies in place for Torres Strait Islanders.^[34] By 2021, at least one freshwater well had turned to salt water.^[35]

In early 2020, it was reported thatWarraber is particularly threatened by rising sea levels, and coastal defences have been built on many of the beaches on the island. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted that by 2100, tides will rise 30–110 cm (12–43 in), depending on the timing and level of cuts tocarbon emissions. Several of the smaller islands in the group are also under threat.^[36] Construction ofsea walls has begun onBoigu Island, andMasig Island is next in line.^[35]

A group of eight people from the small, low-lying islands of Boigu, Poruma, Warraber and Masig,^[37] who became known as theTorres Strait 8, lodged a complaint against theAustralian Government with theUN Human Rights Committee in May 2019, based on the claim that theirhuman rights were being violated by the government's lack of efforts to protect the people of the Strait from the effects of climate change. Their complaint has been supported by the current and previousUN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment, David Boyd andJohn Knox respectively. The group is also seeking an opinion from theInternational Court of Justice as to whether they would be eligible to seek compensation from countries or large companies for losses brought about by climate change.^[38][35]

In 2020 the Torres Strait 8 were recognised as one of ten "Human Rights Heroes" in theHuman Rights Awards, in a special category replacing the usual awards.^[39][40]

In September 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee gave its response to the Torres Strait 8. It concluded that Australia had violated two of three human rights described in theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, a treaty signed in 1966 by 173 member states of the UN, including Australia. The violated rights are "the right to enjoy their culture" and "[to] be free from arbitrary interferences with their private life, family and home". The committee did not find that their right to life had been violated. There is no means by which to enforce the finding, but states generally comply. While theMorrison government had called for dismissal of the complaint, theAlbanese government (since early 2022) was committed to working with Torres Strait Islanders on climate change.^[37] The committee called on the government to compensate the islanders for the harm already inflicted, "consult the community on their needs and take action to secure their safety".^[41]

Thebanana plant leaf diseaseblack sigatoka, the major banana disease worldwide, is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. Occasional infections have been discovered onCape York Peninsula but they have been successfully halted witheradication programs. The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands.^[42]

The music of the Torres Strait is principally vocal accompanied by instruments. The introduction of Christianity through the London Missionary Society, beginning in 1871, had a profound influence, but before that time the musical culture reflected the cultural and geographic diversity of the Strait.^[43]

• List of Torres Strait Islands
• Pearl hunting § Australia
• Torres Strait Islanders

• "Governance History".Torres Strait Island Regional Council. (Timeline)
• "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags".NAIDOC. 2019.
• Hegarty, Siobhan (6 February 2020)."To everybody else this place is sinking. It will never sink".ABC News (Radio National). Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
• Torres Strait community government review – 2006 "consultation with the people of Torres Strait is reviewing how local government in the 17 Torres Strait Island Councils should operate.
• Charting the Pacific: Torres Strait Islands (ABC, 2005)
• Untitled photo from: Photograph album of Papua and Torres Strait (1921) taken byFrank Hurley at the National Library of Australia.
• Torres Strait Islanders: A New Deal, A Report on Greater Autonomy for Torres Strait Islanders, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs August 1997
• Babbage, Ross (1990).The strategic significance of the Torres Strait(PDF). Australian National University.ISBN 0731508416.ISSN 0069-0104.

• Torres Strait Regional Authority
• Torres Strait Islands Photograph Album 1935,State Library of Queensland. Photograph album showcasingQueensland Attorney-GeneralHon. John Mullan's 1935 official visit to the Torres Strait Islands and theGulf of Carpentaria.
• Torres Strait Islands Photographs 1908-1920, State Library of Queensland