Timothy E. Gregory (bornc. 1951) is an American historian and scholar, specializing in theByzantine empire and classical archaeology.^[1][2]

He graduated with a PhD in 1972 from theUniversity of Michigan, where he studied under Byzantine historianPaul Alexander and Roman historianJohn W. Eadie.^[1] He joined theOhio State University in 1978, where he taught in the Department of History until his retirement. He is fluent in Greek.

Gregory was one of several notable scholars who in the 1970s were of vital influence into the evolution of the studying of theLate Antiquity period, drawing on complex early texts and analysing them in detail and publishing his findings.^[1] He has conducted detailed research into early Christianity, numismatics, epigraphy and wider socio-economic customs and many others during this period, covering Ancient Rome, Greece and Turkey.^[1] Gregory has also served as director of the Ohio State University Excavations atIsthmia and Co-Director of theEastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey.^[2][3]

One of his earliest books,Vox Populi, first published in 1979, explores religious tension and violence in the 5th century in Ancient Greece and the Middle East. Other notable books includePanathenaia: Studies in Athenian life and thought in the classical age (1979),A social history of Philippi in the first century (1988),The soteriology of Clement of Rome within the intellectual matrix (1988),Archaeology and oligarchy at Isthmia (1989),The early Byzantine empresses and the Orthodox Church (1990),The sanctuary at Epidauros and cult-based networking in the Greek world of the fourth century B.C. (1992) andGreek and Indian mercantile communities of the diaspora (1993),Hellenic religion and Christianization, c. 370–529, (2001) andThe Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem (2008). In 2005 he first published an important general history work entitledA History of Byzantium, published in its second edition in 2010.^[4] His articles related to Ancient Rome and Greece have also been published in notable publications; of major note was his essay,Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay, published in 1986 by theAmerican Journal of Philology.^[5][6]