Year	Event
Beforec.3200 BCE	ProminentSumerian city-statesEridu,Bad-tibira,Larak,Sippar, andShuruppak exercise pre-dynastic kingship.^[5]
c. 3200 BCE	Protodynastic Egyptian Kings unifyUpper Egypt's regional power centers ofThinis,Naqada, andNekhen.^[6]
	TheFirst Dynasty of Kish is established in theSumerian city ofKish.^[5]
	TheFirst Dynasty of Uruk is established in theSumerian city ofUruk.^[5]
c. 3080 BCE	Narmer (orMenes) unitesLower Egypt andUpper Egypt under theFirst Dynasty of Egypt.Memphis becomes the capital of allEgypt.^[7]

Year	Event
c. 2879 BCE	Dương Vương establishes theHồng Bàng dynasty inVietnam.^[8]
c. 2860 BCE	Hotepsekhemwy establishes theSecond Dynasty of Egypt.^[9]
27th century BCE	Mesannepada establishes theFirst Dynasty of Ur.Ur becomes thede facto capital ofSumer.^[10]
c. 2700 BCE	TheAwan Dynasty is established inElam.^[11]^[12]
c. 2686 BCE	Djoser establishes theThird Dynasty of Egypt, marking the beginning ofThe Old Kingdom of Egypt.^[13]^[9]
c. 2655 BCE	Sneferu establishes theFourth Dynasty of Egypt.^[14]
25th century BCE	TheElamiteAwan Dynasty conquers theSumerian First Dynasty of Ur.^[5]
	TheSecond Dynasty of Kish takes control ofSumer from theElamite Awan Dynasty. The capital isKish.^[15]
	TheDynasty of Hamazi supersedes theSecond Dynasty of Kish inSumer. The capital is moved fromKish toHamazi.^[5]
	Userkaf establishes theFifth Dynasty of Egypt.^[16]
24th century BCE	TheSecond Dynasty of Uruk supersedes theDynasty of Hamazi inSumer. The capital is moved fromHamazi toUruk.^[3]
	TheDynasty of Adab supersedes theSecond Dynasty of Uruk inSumer. The capital is moved fromUruk toAdab.^[17]
	TheDynasty of Adab splits after the death ofLugal-Anne-Mundu.Lagash,Akshak, andUmma appear to have regained independence.^[18]
	TheDynasty of Mari consolidates control ofSumer.Mari is its capital.^[18]
	TheThird Dynasty of Kish supersedes theDynasty of Mari inSumer. The capital is moved fromMari toKish.
	TheDynasty of Akshak supersedes theThird Dynasty of Kish inSumer. The capital is moved fromKish toAkshak.
	TheFourth Dynasty of Kish supersedes theDynasty of Akshak inSumer. The capital is moved fromAkshak toKish.
c. 2380 BCE	TheFirst Dynasty of Lagash supersedes theFourth Dynasty of Kish inSumer. The capital is moved fromKish toLagash.
c. 2336 BCE	Teti establishes theSixth Dynasty of Egypt.
Late 24th century BCE	Sargon of Akkad establishes theAkkadian Empire after conqueringSumer.Akkad is the capital.^[19]
c. 2333 BCE	Gojoseon is established on theKorean Peninsula.^[20]
c. 2193 BCE	TheAkkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by theGutian people.
c. 2181 BCE	TheOld Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning theFirst Intermediate Period of Egypt.^[21]
c. 2175 BCE	Netjerkare Siptah establishes theSeventh Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2165 BCE	Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes theEighth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 2160 BCE	Meryibre Khety establishes theNinth Dynasty of Egypt.Henen-nesut becomes the capital ofLower Egypt.
c. 2130 BCE	Meryhathor establishes theTenth Dynasty of Egypt inLower Egypt.
c. 2130 BCE	Mentuhotep I establishes theEleventh Dynasty of Egypt.Thebes becomes the capital ofUpper Egypt.
c. 2112 BCE	Utu-hengal defeats theGutians and establishes theFifth Dynasty of Uruk.^[22]^[23]
c. 2070 BCE	Yu the Great establishes theXia dynasty inChina.Yangcheng andZhenxun are the capitals.
c. 2055 BCE	TheMiddle Kingdom of Egypt is established.^[24]
c. 2047 BCE	Ur-Nammu establishes theSumerian Third Dynasty of Ur.Ur is the capital.
c. 2025 BCE	Puzur-Ashur I establishes theOld Assyrian Empire.Assur is the capital.^[25]^[26]^[27]
c. 2004 BCE	TheThird Dynasty of Ur collapses after anElamite invasion

Year	Event
c. 1991 BCE	Amenemhat I establishes theTwelfth Dynasty of Egypt and buildsAmenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.^[28]
c. 1894 BCE	Sumu-abum establishes theFirst Babylonian Dynasty.Babylon is the capital.
c. 1810 BCE	Sumu-Epuh establishesYamhad. Halab (Aleppo) is the capital.^[29]
c. 1803 BCE	Wegaf Khutawyre establishes theThirteenth Dynasty of Egypt.^[30]
Early 18th century BCE	Hammurabi establishes theBabylonian Empire.^[31]
c. 1705 BCE	Nehesy establishes theFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt.^[32]Avaris is the capital.^[33]
c. 1700 BCE	TheMiddle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning theSecond Intermediate Period of Egypt.^[34]
c. 1650 BCE	Salitis establishes theFifteenth Dynasty of Egypt.Avaris is the capital.^[35]^[36]^[37]
c. 1620 BCE	Djehuti establishes theSixteenth Dynasty of Egypt.Thebes is the capital.
c. 1600 BCE	Tang establishes theShang dynasty inChina.^[38]Yin is the capital.
c. 1580 BCE	Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes theSeventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.^[36]
c. 1550 BCE	TheNew Kingdom of Egypt is established.^[39]
c. 1534 BCE	Agum II establishes the rule of theKassites in Mesopotamia.Babylon becomes the capital.
c. 1534 BCE	Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1390 BCE	Kurigalzu I aKassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital toDur-Kurigalzu.^[40]
c. 1363 BCE	Ashur-uballit I establishes theMiddle Assyrian Empire.Assur is the capital.^[41]
c. 1345 BCE	Pharaoh Akhenaten of theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves the capital toAmarna (Akhetaton).^[42]
c. 1332 BCE	Collapse of theIndus Valley civilisation.
1330s BCE	Pharaoh Tutankhamun of theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves the capital toMemphis.^[43]
c. 1295 BCE	Muwatalli II of theHittite empire moves capital toTarhuntassa.^[44]
c. 1292 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes theNineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.^[45]
c. 1272 BCE	Mursili III of theHittite empire moves capital back toHattusa.
c. 1243 BCE	Ashur-nadin-apli of theMiddle Assyrian Empire moves capital back toAssur.
c. 1243 BCE	Tukulti-Ninurta I of theMiddle Assyrian Empire moves capital toKar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
c. 1230 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for theNineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site ofAvaris and names itPi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
c. 1188 BCE	Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes theTwentieth Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 1184 BCE	Greeks destroy the city-state ofTroy.
c. 1100 BCE	Jin is established inChina.
c. 1077 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning theThird Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1070 BCE	Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes theTwenty-first Dynasty of Egypt.Tanis becomes the capital.
c. 1047 BCE	Shaul ben Qysh establishes theUnited Kingdom of Israel and Judah.Gibeah is the capital.
c. 1046 BCE	Shangfu establishesQi inChina.Yingqiu is the capital.
c. 1046 BCE	Wu establishesWestern Zhou dynasty inChina.Fenghao is the capital.
c. 1043 BCE	Bo Qin establishesLu inChina.Qufu is the capital.
c. 1004 BCE	King David conquers the city ofJebus and makes the renamedCity of David (nowJerusalem) the capital of theUnited Kingdom of Israel and Judah.

Year	Date	Event
c. 945 BCE		Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes theTwenty-second Dynasty of Egypt.
c. 930 BCE		TheKingdom of Israel underJeroboam I separates from theKingdom of Judah underRehoboam.Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, whileJerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
911 BCE		Adad-nirari II establishes theNew Assyrian Empire.
c. 910 BCE		Feizi establishesQin inChina.
c. 910 BCE		Earliest city-states inAncient Greece.
879 BCE		Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of theNew Assyrian Empire toKalhu.
c. 875 BCE		Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes theTwenty-third Dynasty of Egypt.Thebes is the capital ofUpper Egypt.
808 BCE		Karanus establishes theArgead Dynasty ofMacedon and buildsAigai to be the capital.
770 BCE		Ping establishes theEastern Zhou dynasty inChina.Wangcheng is the capital.
753 BCE	21 April	Romulus establishes theKingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
745 BCE		Tiglath-Pileser III founds theNeo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city ofBabylon
c. 740 BCE		Nubian King Piye establishes theTwenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rulesEgypt fromNapata inNubia.
734–733 BCE		The city ofSyracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers fromCorinth andTenea.
732 BCE		The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom ofAram-Damascus.
c. 728 BCE		Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes theTwenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt.Sais becomes the capital.
720 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of theKingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians.
717 BCE		The Neo-Hittite state ofCarchemish falls to the Assyrians.
713 BCE		The Neo-Hittite states ofTabal andHilakku fall to the Assyrians.
706 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud toDur-Sharrukin.
705 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin toNineveh.
c. 700 BCE		Phoenicians establish a colony inMalta withMaleth as capital.
695 BCE		Gordium, capital ofPhrygia, is destroyed by theCimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by theLydians.
694 BCE		Deioces is elected the firstKing of theMedes.Ecbatana (nowHamadan) is the capital.
671 BCE		Esarhaddon capturesMemphis and drives theKushites out ofLower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
c. 664 BCE		Pharaoh Necho I establishes theTwenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt.Sais is the capital.
660 BCE	11 February	Emperor Jimmu establishes theEmpire of Japan.
657 BCE		Byzantium is settled by colonists fromMegara.
653 BCE		After theBattle of Ulai,Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians.
650 BCE		Ancient Carthage is established.
640 BCE		The Assyrians conquerElam.
626 BCE	November	TheNeo-Babylonian Empire is established.^[46]
620 BCE		Uruk andNippur are conquered by theNeo-Babylonian Empire.
615 BCE	October or November	TheMedes conquerArrapha from theNeo-Assyrian Empire.
612 BCE		Nineveh falls to a coalition of theMedes andBabylonians
609 BCE		Harran, the new capital of theNeo-Assyrian Empire, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
605 BCE		With theBattle of Carchemish, theNeo-Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power betweenBabylon,Media,Lydia andEgypt.
586 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of theKingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
550 BCE		Cyrus the Great establishes theAchaemenid Empire and makesPasargadae the new capital.
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers theLydian Empire
543 BCE		Prince Vijaya establishes theSinhala Kingdom atTambapanni and makesTambapaṇṇī the new capital, in Sri Lanka.
539 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers theNeo-Babylonian Empire.
535 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers theGandhara Kingdom.
535 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquersPhoenicia.
525 BCE	May	Cambyses II of Persia conquersEgypt and establishes thePersianTwenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt asPharaoh Cambyses II.
515 BCE		Darius the Great moves the capital of theAchaemenid Empire toPersepolis.
509 BCE		TheRoman Republic supersedes theKingdom of Rome.
492 BCE		TheKingdom of Macedonia is conquered by theAchaemenid Empire.
479 BCE		TheDelian League is established.
479 BCE		TheKingdom of Macedonia becomes independent of theAchaemenid Empire.
409 BCE		Selinus andHimera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage.
406 BCE		Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage.
405 BCE		Gela andCamarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked byCarthage.
404 BCE		Amyrtaeus expels thePersians fromEgypt and establishes theTwenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt asPharaoh Amyrtaeus.Sais is the capital.
404 BCE		Athens surrenders toSparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony.
403 BCE		Zhao arises from the division ofJin.
		Han arises from the division ofJin.
		Wei arises from the division ofJin.
399 BCE	Autumn	Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes theTwenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt.Mendes becomes the capital.
387 BCE		ThePeace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
380 BCE	November	Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes theThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.Sebennytos becomes the capital.
377 BCE		TheAnuradhapura Kingdom is established.
376 BCE		Fall ofJin in China.
375 BCE		Zheng annexed byHan.
343 BCE		Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquersEgypt and establishes thePersianThirty-first Dynasty of Egypt asPharaoh Artaxerxes III.
338 BCE		Philip II of Macedon unites Greece.
332 BCE		Alexander the Great ofMacedon conquersPersian-occupied Egypt and establishes theArgead Dynasty of Egypt asPharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital atAlexandria.
331 BCE		TheKingdom of Armenia is established.Dvin is the capital.
330 BCE		Alexander the Great conquers theAchaemenid Empire and makesBabylon the capital.
329 BCE		Alexander conquersSamarkand.
323 BCE		Alexander the Great ofMacedon dies and his empire splits.
322 BCE		Chandragupta establishes theMaurya Empire ofancient India.Pataliputra (nowPatna) is the capital.
316 BCE		The states ofShu andBa are conquered byKing Huiwen of Qin.
312 BCE		Macedonian generalSeleucus establishes theSeleucid Empire.Babylon is the capital.
309 BCE		Seleucus I Nicator forms theSeleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam fromAntigonus I Monophthalmus in theBabylonian War, leaving him with one-third of his empire.
306 BCE		Following the death ofAlexander IV of Macedon,Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow DiadochiPtolemy I Soter,Seleucus I Nicator,Lysimachus, andCassander.
305 BCE		Macedonian generalPtolemy establishes thePtolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as KingPtolemy I Soter.
302 BCE		Parnavaz I founds theKingdom of Iberia in theCaucasus.
301 BCE		The death ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus at theBattle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remainingDiadochi, namelyPtolemy I Soter,Seleucus I Nicator,Lysimachus, andCassander.
c. 300 BCE		TheChola dynasty is established.
294 BCE		Demetrius I of Macedon killsAlexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne losesThebes to a revolt.
291 BCE		Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successfulsiege.
281 BCE		Lysimachus dies at theBattle of Corupedium, his empire falling to theSeleucids.
266 BCE		Ashoka unifies most of South Asia.
238 BCE		Arsaces I of Parthia establishes theArsacid Dynasty of Parthia.Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
		Sardinia andCorsica become Roman provinces.
		Sicily becomes the first Roman province.
230 BCE		Han is conquered byQin.
225 BCE		Wei is conquered byQin.
222 BCE		Zhao is conquered byQin.
222 BCE		Yan is conquered byQin.
221 BCE		Qin Shi Huang unifiesancient China and establishes theQin dynasty inChina.Xianyang is the capital.
221 BCE		Qi is conquered byQin.
211 BCE		The Romans captureSyracuse.
209 BCE		The Romans conquerCartagena from theCarthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control.
206 BCE		Fall of theQin dynasty in China.
204 BCE		Zhao Tuo establishesNanyue in what is now Southern China.Panyu is the capital.
202 BCE	28 February	Gaozu establishes theWestern Han dynasty inChina.Chang'an is the capital.
202 BCE		TheKingdom of Numidia is established.Cirta is the capital.
c.200 BCE		TheNabataean Empire is established.Petra is the capital.
194 BCE		Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital ofWiman Joseon on theKorean Peninsula.
		TheSeleucids take control ofCoele Syria andJudea fromPtolemaic Egypt.
		The Romans forcePhilip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
185 BCE		TheShunga Empire is formed after theMauryan Empire is destroyed.
180 BCE		Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming theIndo-Greek Kingdom.
168 BCE		The Romans dissolve theKingdom of Macedon after theBattle of Pydna.
150 BCE		TheKingdom of Aksum is established.
148 BCE		Mithridates I of Parthia conquersEcbatana.
146 BCE		The Romans conquerIberia.
		Ancient Carthage is disestablished.
		The Romans conquerCorinth and dissolve theAchaean League.
		The Roman provinces ofMacedon andAchaea are formed.
135 BCE		The western half ofMinyue is conquered by theHan dynasty.
133 BCE		Upon the death ofAttalus III, he wills his kingdom ofPergamon to theRoman Republic.
133 BCE		The Romans conquerCeltiberia following theSiege of Numantia.
111 BCE		By this date, theHan dynasty underWu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam fromNanyue. Start of theFirst Chinese domination of Vietnam.
75 BCE		TheKanva dynasty is established.
63 BCE		The Romans conquerJerusalem.
63 BCE		The Romans annex westernPontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion underPharnaces II.
58–50 BCE		The Romans conquerGaul.
57 BCE		Hyeokgeose establishesSilla on the southeastKorean Peninsula.Gyeongju is the capital.
43 BCE		The Romans begin their conquest ofGreat Britain.
37 BCE		Dongmyeong establishesGoguryeo on the northernKorean Peninsula.Jolbon is the capital.
37 BCE		Romans annex theKingdom of Numidia.
35 BCE		TheRomans conquer the city ofSirmium (present-daySremska Mitrovica).
30 BCE	1 August	Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizesEgypt as a province under his personal control.
27 BCE	16 January	TheRoman Senate grantsGaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the titleAugustus. This effectively ends theRoman Republic and establishes theRoman Empire.
18 BCE		Onjo establishesBaekje on the centralKorean Peninsula.Wiryeseong is the capital.

Year	Date	Event
3		TheGoguryeo ofKorea moves its capital fromJolbon toGungnae.
5		TheRomans conquer much of theMiddle East.
9		Wang Mang establishes theXin dynasty inChina.
12		The Romans conquer theArtaxiad dynasty.
19		TheIndo-Parthian Kingdom splits off from theParthian Empire.Taxila is the capital.
25		Guangwu establishes theEastern Han dynasty inChina.
30		Kujula Kadphises establishes theKushan Empire.
40		TheTrưng Sisters rebel againstChinese rule inVietnam, ending theFirst Chinese domination of Vietnam.^[47]
42		TheGaya confederacy is established in the south of theKorean peninsula.
43		Beginning of theSecond Chinese domination of Vietnam.^[47]
44		The Romans conquerMauretania.
71–84		The Romans conquerWales and southernScotland.
83		The Romans establish the provinces ofGermania Inferior andGermania Superior.
93		Xianbei emerges as a tribal federation of nomadic tribes.

Year	Date	Event
106		The Roman province ofRoman Dacia is established.
106		TheRomans conquer theNabataean Empire and establish the province ofArabia Petraea.
114–116		A war with theParthian Empire leads to parts ofMesopotamia being annexed to theRoman Empire.
136		After theBar Kokhba revolt, the Romans dissolve the province ofJudea and incorporate it intoSyria Palaestina.
c. 180		Buyeo is established inNortheast Asia.
192		The first kingdom of theChampa is established.

Year	Date	Event
220		Wen establishesCao Wei inChina.Xuchang andLuoyang are the capitals.
221		Zhaolie establishesShu Han in China.Chengdu is the capital.
222		Da establishesEastern Wu in China.Wuchang andJianye are the capitals.
224		TheIndo-Parthian Kingdom is dissolved.
224		TheSasanian Empire is established inPersia and follows theParthian Empire.
234		Xianbei is dissolved.
240		TheGupta Empire is established in India.
260		Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from theRoman Empire and establishes thePalmyrene Empire.Palmyra is the capital.
260		Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from theRoman Empire and establishes theGallic Empire.Colonia Agrippina (nowCologne, Germany) is the capital.
266		Wu establishes theWestern Jin dynasty inChina.Luoyang andChang'an are the capitals.
269		ThePalmyrene Empire conquers theRoman Province ofEgypt.
269		Roman EmperorClaudius II recoversHispania from theGallic Empire.
271		Roman Dacia is abandoned.
273		Roman EmperorAurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers theGallic Empire, which is subsumed back into theRoman Empire.
274		Roman EmperorAurelian conquers thePalmyrene Empire, which is subsumed back into theRoman Empire.
286	1 April	Roman EmperorDiocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appointsMaximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) as his co-emperor, splitting theRoman Empire into adyarchy with capitals atMediolanum (nowMilan, Italy) andAugusta Treverorum (nowTrier, Germany).
293		Roman co-emperors Diocletian andMaximian split theRoman Empire into atetrarchy with capitals atMediolanum (nowMilan, Italy),Augusta Treverorum (nowTrier, Germany),Nicomedia (nowİzmit, Turkey), andSirmium (nowSremska Mitrovica, Serbia).

Year	Date	Event
301	3 September	Saint Marinus establishes theMost Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from theRoman Empire. TheCity of San Marino is the capital.
304		Guangwen establishesHan Zhao inChina.
304		Wu establishesCheng Han in China.Chengdu is the capital.
317		Yuan establishes theEastern Jin dynasty in China.Jiankang is the capital.
319		Ming establishesLater Zhao in China.
320		Ming establishesFormer Liang in China.
324	18 September	Constantine the Great reunites theRoman Empire.Nicomedia (nowİzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
330	11 May	Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for theRoman Empire atByzantium which he renamesConstantinopolis (nowIstanbul, Turkey).^[48]
337		Wenming establishesFormer Yan inChina.
351		Jingming establishesFormer Qin in China.
358		Franks are allowed to settle inToxandria (present-dayBelgium).
370		TheBosporan Kingdom is disestablished.
370		Huns appear north of theBlack Sea.
375		Fall of theKushan Empire inIndia.^[49]
384		Chengwu establishesLater Yan in China.
		Wuzhao establishesLater Qin in China.Chang'an is the capital.
		Liewen establishesWestern Yan in China.
385		Xuanlie establishesWestern Qin inChina.
386		Yiwu establishesLater Liang inChina. Guzang is the capital.
386		Daowu establishes theNorthern Wei dynasty in China.
395	17 January	At his death, Roman emperorTheodosius I permanently splits theRoman Empire between his two sons:Arcadius rules theEastern Roman Empire fromConstantinopolis (nowIstanbul, Turkey), andHonorius rules theWestern Roman Empire fromMediolanum (nowMilan, Italy).
397		Wu establishesSouthern Liang inChina.
397		Duan Ye establishesNorthern Liang in China.
398		Xianwu establishesSouthern Yan in China.

Year	Date	Event
400		Wuzhao establishesWestern Liang inChina.
402		The capital of theWestern Roman Empire is moved toRavenna.
405		A mixed group of barbarians includingVandals,Alans, andSuebi enter theWestern Roman Empire in theCrossing of the Rhine.
407		Qujie establishesXia inChina.
407		Ziyu establishesNorthern Yan in China.
411		TheBurgundians establish akingdom on the western bank of theRhine.
418		TheVisigoths establish akingdom in southernGaul.
420		Wu establishes theLiu Song dynasty inChina.Jiankang is the capital.
426		TheAlans leaveHispania.
427		TheGoguryeo ofKorea moves its capital fromGungnae City toPyongyang.
428		TheKingdom of Armenia is annexed by theSasanian Empire.
429		TheVandals enter Africa.
430		TheVandals conquerCorsica from theWestern Roman Empire.
435		TheVandals establish theVandal Kingdom in North Africa.
439		TheVandals takeCarthage.
c. 440		Attila the Hun establishes theHunnic Empire north of theDanube.
451–453		TheHuns attack the Western Roman Empire.
c. 455		TheKingdom of Kent is founded.Canterbury is the capital.
457–461		Western Roman EmperorMajorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most ofHispania and southernGaul.
469		TheHunnic Empire is disestablished afterDengizich dies.
475		TheBaekje ofKorea moves its capital fromWirye toUngjin by pressure fromGoguryeo.
476	4 September	TheGermanic leaderOdoacer forcesRoman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing theWestern Roman Empire to an end.
479		Gao establishes theSouthern Qi dynasty inChina.Jiankang is the capital.
c. 477		TheKingdom of Sussex is established.Chichester is the capital.
480		A Roman rump state,Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished afterJulius Nepos is murdered.
481		TheFrankish Empire is established byClovis I and includes large areas of the formerWestern Roman Empire.Tournai is the capital.^[50]
486		TheKingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled bySyagrius, is conquered by theFranks.
490		Odoacer is defeated at the riverAdda by theGoths and flees.
493		TheOstrogoths establish theOstrogothic Kingdom in Italy.
494		Buyeo is conquered byGoguryeo.

Year	Date	Event
c. 500		TheGhana Empire is established.
502		Wu establishes theLiang dynasty inChina.
508		Frankish KingClovis the Frank makesParis the capital of theFrankish Kingdom.
519		TheKingdom of Wessex is established.Winchester is the capital.
522		TheByzantine Empire conquersCorsica from theVandals.
527		Mercia is established inAnglo-Saxon England.Tamworth is the capital.
534		Wen establishes theWestern Wei dynasty inChina.
534		Xiaojing establishes theEastern Wei dynasty in China.
538		TheBaekje ofKorea moves its capital fromUngjin toSabi.
538		TheVandal Kingdom is conquered by theByzantine Empire.
543		Fall of theGupta Empire inIndia.
544		Lý Nam Đế establishes theEarly Lý dynasty inVietnam, ending theSecond Chinese domination of Vietnam.
550		Wenxuan establishes theNorthern Qi dynasty inChina.
552		TheFirst Turkic Khaganate is established.
553		TheOstrogothic Kingdom is conquered by theByzantine Empire.
555		Xuan establishes theWestern Liang dynasty inChina.
555		Garibald I becomes the first documented duke of theDuchy of Bavaria.
557		Xiaomin establishes theNorthern Zhou dynasty inChina.
557		Wu establishes theChen dynasty in China.
568		TheKingdom of the Lombards is established.Pavia is the capital.
570		TheDuchy of Spoleto is established.Spoleto is the capital.
571		TheDuchy of Benevento is established.
580		TheSasanian Empire annexes theKingdom of Iberia.
581		Wen establishes theSui dynasty inChina.Chang'an is the capital.
585		TheVisigothic Kingdom conquers theKingdom of the Suebi.

Year	Date	Event
705		TheTang dynasty inChina is restored underZhongzong.
710		TheNara period begins inJapan.
711		ABerber force under the Berber generalTariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to theEmir of Damascus, enters theIberian peninsula from NorthAfrica, thus starting the foundation ofAl-Andalus.
717		Córdoba becomes the capital of MuslimAl-Andalus.
718		TheKingdom of Asturias is established.
718		Thesecond Arab siege of Constantinople ends with the destruction of a large part of theUmayyad Caliphate's fleet. This prevents the complete conquest of theByzantine Empire by the Muslims.
722		TheKingdom of Asturias defeats the MuslimAl-Andalus in theBattle of Covadonga. This marks the beginning of theReconquista, which lasted for over 700 years.
725		TheLombards conquerCorsica from theByzantine Empire.
732	10 October	By winning theBattle of Tours, the Franks defeat theUmayyad invasion of Gaul and halt further Muslim expansion into Christian Europe.
734		The Franks annex the Frisian lands between theVlie and the Lauwers.
742		TheRepublic of Venice moves its capital fromEraclea toMalamocco.
744		TheUyghur Khaganate follows theSecond Turkic Khaganate.
744		The Franks conquerAlemannia.
750		TheAbbasid Caliphate follows theUmayyad Caliphate.Kufa is the capital.^[52]
750		Gopala I establishes thePala Dynasty inIndia.
751		TheExarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after theLombards invade.
		TheAbbasid Caliphate defeats theTang dynasty in theBattle of Talas, thus conqueringTransoxania and spreadingIslam inCentral Asia.^[53]
		TheImamate of Oman is established.
754		ThePapal States are established.Rome is the capital.
756		Abd al-Rahman I establishes theEmirate of Córdoba as an Umayyad exile empire on theIberian Peninsula.Córdoba is the capital.
759		The Franks conquerSeptimania.
761		TheRustamid dynasty is established inNorth Africa.
762		Baghdad becomes the capital of theAbbasid Caliphate for the first time.
768–769		The Franks conquerAquitania.
769		The Franks conquerGascony.
774		The Franks conquer theKingdom of the Lombards (Italy).
774		The LombardDuchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes thePrincipality of Benevento.
785		The Franks defeatWidukind, thereby conquering the remainingFrisian lands east of theLauwers and vassalizingSaxony.
787		TheDuchy of Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retains effective autonomy.
788		The Franks conquerBavaria.^[54]
788		The Franks annexChieti from thePrincipality of Benevento to theDuchy of Spoleto.
794		Kyoto becomes the capital ofJapan.
795		TheFranks create theMarca Hispanica as a buffer against MuslimAl-Andalus.
796		The capital of theAbbasid Caliphate is moved toRaqqa.

Year	Date	Event
800		Charlemagne establishes theCarolingian Empire. WhileRome is the official capital of the empire,Aix-la-Chapelle is thede facto capital.
800		Saxony is integrated into theFrankish Kingdom as theDuchy of Saxony.
801		TheCounty of Barcelona is established.Barcelona is the capital.
802		Jayavarman II establishes theKhmer Empire.
807		TheCounty of Aragon is established.
810		TheRepublic of Venice moves its capital fromMalamocco toVenice.
814		Cornwall loses its independence toWessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
820		The title Count of Aragon is usurped andAragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
821		TheTahirid dynasty is established inPersia.Merv is the capital.
824		TheKingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
825		TheKingdom of Essex is ceded toWessex.
825		TheKingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
828		Carantania is absorbed into Bavaria
831	September	Palermo,Sicily is captured by theAghlabid Emirate ofIfriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital ofMuslim Sicily.
833		Great Moravia is established.
836		The capital of theAbbasid Caliphate is moved toSamarra.
840		TheUyghur Khaganate is destroyed by theKyrgyz.
842		TheTibetan Empire disintegrates into various small states.
843		Charles the Bald, grandson of EmperorCharlemagne, makesParis the capital of theKingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of theTreaty of Verdun.
		TheKingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
		TheCarolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by theTreaty of Verdun, formingWest,Middle, andEast Francia.
846		TheMarch of Tuscany is established.Lucca is the capital.
850		TheChimú Empire is established in South America.
851		ThePrincipality of Salerno ispartitioned from thePrincipality of Benevento.
851		TheKingdom of Brittany is established.
853		TheVikings establish theKingdom of Dublin.
855		Middle Francia is partitioned into theKingdom of Italy,Lotharingia, and theKingdom of Provence by theTreaty of Prüm.
858		Æthelberht is crowned king ofSussex andKent.
860		Æthelberht succeeds his brotherÆthelbald as king ofWessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
861		TheSaffarid dynasty is established inPersia.Zaranj is the capital.
862		TheCounty of Flanders is established.Bruges is the capital.
865		DanishVikings conquer parts ofEngland and foundDaneslaw.
867		The Danes conquerNorthumbria.
868		The TurkicTulunids underAhmad ibn Tulun split off from theAbbasids and rule overEgypt.
868		TheCounty of Portugal is established.Braga is the capital.
869		The Danes conquerEast Anglia.
c. 870		ThePrincipality of Bohemia is established.Prague is the capital.
870		As a result of theTreaty of Meerssen,Lotharingia is divided betweenEast andWest Francia, andProvence is divided between East Francia, West Francia, and theKingdom of Italy.
872		TheKingdom of Norway is unified.
873		TheByzantine Empire re-conquersOtranto from theSaracens.

Year	Date	Event
902		The Byzantine city ofTaormina,Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya.
903		Gaozu establishesFormer Shu inChina.Chengdu is the capital.
905		TheKhúc clan establishesde facto rule overVietnam.
906		TheDuchy of Franconia is established.
907		Taizu establishesMin inChina.Changle is the capital.
		TheFatimids takeRaqqada from theAghlabid Emirate ofIfriqiya, establishing theFatimid Caliphate.
		Taizu establishes theLater Liang dynasty in China.Luoyang andKaifeng are the capitals.
		Liezu establishesYang Wu in China.
		Wumu establishesMa Chu in China.
		Taizu establishesWuyue in China.
		Collapse of theTang dynasty in China.
909		Fall of theRustamid dynasty inNorth Africa.
909		TheAbbasid Caliphate reconquersEgypt from theTulunids.
910	10 December	TheKingdom of Asturias moves its capital toLeón and becomes theKingdom of León.
911		TheDuchy of Normandy is founded by the Vikings.Rouen is the capital.
916		Taizu establishes theLiao dynasty inChina.
916–917		Mercia andWessex reconquer theFive Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes.
917		Gaozu establishesSouthern Han in China.Xingwang is the capital.
918		King Taejo establishesGoryeo Dynasty on theKorean Peninsula.Gaegyeong is the official capital.
		TheDuchy of Burgundy is established.
		TheKingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex.
		TheKingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex.
920		TheKingdom of Seisyllwg unites with theKingdom of Dyfed to form theKingdom of Deheubarth.
920		TheCounty of Horne is established in theHoly Roman Empire.
922		TheCounty of Aragon falls under the control of theKingdom of Pamplona.
923		Zhuangzong establishes theLater Tang dynasty inChina.Luoyang is the capital.
924		Wuxin establishesJingnan in China.Jingzhou is the capital.
925		Tomislav establishes theKingdom of Croatia out of theDuchy of Croatia.
927	12 July	King Athelstan of Wessex conquers theKingdom of Northumbria, thus uniting all of theAnglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and establishing what would come to be known as theKingdom of England.Winchester is the capital.
929		TheCaliphate of Córdoba follows theEmirate of Córdoba.
c. 930		Fall of theAksumite Empire and beginning of theZagwe dynasty inEthiopia.
933		TheKingdom of Burgundy is established.
934		TheIkhshidid dynasty is established inEgypt. They rule as vassals of theAbbasid Caliphate.Fustat is the capital.
		Gaozu establishesLater Shu inChina.Chengdu is the capital.
		TheBuyid dynasty is established inPersia.Shiraz is the capital.
936		Gaozu establishes theLater Jin dynasty in China.
936		TheGoryeo Dynasty unifies theLater Three Kingdoms of Korea.
937		Liezu establishesSouthern Tang in China.Jinling is the capital.
937		Taizu establishesDali in what is now Southwest China.
938		Vietnam declares independence from theSouthern Han of China, ending theThird Chinese domination of Vietnam.

Year	Date	Event
c. 1000		TheRepublic of Pisa is established.Pisa is the capital.
1000		King Stephen I establishes theKingdom of Hungary.Esztergom andSzékesfehérvár are royal seats.
1003		Leif Ericson discoversNewfoundland, off the Atlantic coast of North America, and establishes a short-lived colony atL'Anse aux Meadows.
		Fall of theSaffarid dynasty inPersia.
		TheCounty of Savoy is established in theHoly Roman Empire.
1005		TheRepublic of Genoa is established.Genoa is the capital.
1008		TheKingdom of Georgia is established from the union of all of the Christian states ofGeorgia.Kutaisi is the capital.
1009		Thái Tổ establishes theLý dynasty inVietnam.
1012		TheCounty of Zeeland is established in theHoly Roman Empire.Middelburg is the capital.
1016		TheNorth Sea Empire, under KingCnut the Great, which includedEngland,Denmark,Norway, and parts ofNorthern Germany,Scotland, andSweden, is created by a personal union.Ribe is the capital.
1018		Northumbrian territory north of theRiver Tweed is ceded toScotland.
1018		TheFirst Bulgarian Empire ends with the annexation of the last territories by theByzantine Empire.^[55]
1018–1054		At some point between 1018 and 1054, theKingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland.
1024		ThePrince-Bishopric of Utrecht is established in theHoly Roman Empire.
1025		UnderRajendra I, theChola dynasty subjugates large parts ofSoutheast Asia.
1025		Bolesław I establishes theKingdom of Poland.
1030		Kievan Rus' conquersUgandi County in southeastern Estonia.
1032		TheKingdom of Burgundy is inherited byConrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, and incorporated into theHoly Roman Empire.
1035		The territory that would come to be theKingdom of Aragon is united underRamiro I of Aragon.
1037		SultanTughril establishes theSeljuk Empire as one of the early Turkish empires.Nishapur is the capital.
1038		Jingzong establishes theWestern Xia dynasty inChina.Xingqing is the capital.
1040		TheAlmoravid dynasty is founded in what is now Morocco.Aghmat is the capital.
1042		The NormanCounty of Apulia and Calabria is established.
1042		End of theNorth Sea Empire.
1043		TheKingdom of Aragon becomesde facto independent from theKingdom of Pamplona.
1043		TheSeljuk Empire moves its capital fromNishapur toRey.
1055		Vijayabahu I moves the capital of theSinhala Kingdom toPolonnaruwa, establishing theKingdom of Polonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1058		TheDuchy of Schleswig is founded.
1059	23 August	TheCounty of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a duchy whenPope Nicholas II signs theTreaty of Melfi with the Norman princesRobert Guiscard andRichard I of Capua.
1061		Estonians reconquerUgandi County from theKievan Rus'.
		Messina,Sicily, is captured from the Muslims by theNormans.
		End of thePala dynasty inIndia.
1062		TheBuyid dynasty is dissolved.
1062		TheAlmoravid dynasty moves its capital fromAghmat toMarrakesh.
1065		The kingdoms ofCastile andGalicia are split from theKingdom of León.
1065		TheDuchy of Limburg is established
1066		England is conquered byWilliam, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing theKingdom of England and theDuchy of Normandy into a personal union.
1071		Palermo, the capital of theEmirate of Sicily, is taken by theNormans. The NormanCounty of Sicily is established.
1076		MuslimAlmoravids conquerGhana.
		The kingdoms ofPamplona andAragon are reunited in a personal union underSancho Ramírez, who styles himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are nowde jure separate entities.

Year	Date	Event
c. 600		TheDuchy of Croatia is established.
c. 600		TheFrisian Kingdom is established.Dorestad is the capital.
602		TheEarly Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by theSui dynasty of China, beginning theThird Chinese domination of Vietnam.
		TheDuchy of Aquitaine is established.
		TheDuchy of Gascony is established.
605		TheSui dynasty in China moves its capital fromChang'an toLuoyang.
610		TheEastern Roman Empire transforms into the Greek-orientedByzantine Empire.
618	18 June	Gaozu establishes theTang dynasty inChina.Chang'an andLuoyang are the capitals.
618		Songtsen Gampo establishes theTibetan Empire.Lhasa is the capital.
628		Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
630	11 January	The Islamic prophetMuhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquersMecca and unitesArabia.Medina is the capital.
632		Abu Bakr establishes theRashidun Caliphate, the first great Muslim empire.Medina is the capital.
634		TheAnglian kingdoms ofBernicia andDeira unite to formNorthumbria.
640		TheRashidun Caliphate conquersEgypt from theByzantine Empire.
643		The Rashidun Caliphate conquersTripolitania from theByzantine Empire.
651		TheSasanian Empire collapses after the conquest ofPersia by theRashidun Caliphate.
650		TheSrivijaya Empire is established.
654		Arminiya is established.Dvin is the capital.
656		TheRashidun Caliphate moves its capital fromMedina toKufa.
661		Muawiyah I establishes theUmayyad Caliphate, which follows the Rashidun Caliphate.Damascus is the capital.
661		TheDuchy of Naples is established as a province of theByzantine Empire and soon becomes ade facto independent state.Naples is the capital.
676		Silla unifies theThree Kingdoms of Korea.Gyeongju is the capital.
680		TheKingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to theKingdom of Seisyllwg.
681		Khan Asparukh crosses theDanube Delta and settles in theOngal area (SouthernBessarabia or northernDobruja).Asparukh, with hisSlav allies, defeatsByzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes theFirst Bulgarian Empire.Pliska is the capital.
682		TheSecond Turkic Khaganate becomes independent of theTang dynasty.
690		King Go establishesBalhae inManchuria and the northernKorean Peninsula.
		Wu Zhao establishesWu Zhou inChina.Shendu is the capital.
		Muslims conquer North Africa.^[51]
697		TheRepublic of Venice is established.Eraclea is the capital.

Year	Date	Event
1102		Start of the Union between theKingdom of Croatia and theKingdom of Hungary.
		Crusaders conquerTartus and found theCounty of Tripoli.
		TheDuchy of Westphalia is established.Arnsberg is the capital.
1108		TheCounty of Nice is established.Nice is the capital.
1115		Taizu establishes theJin dynasty inChina.
1115		TheRepublic of Florence is established.Florence is the capital.
1121		TheDuchy of Pomerania is established.
1122		TheKingdom of Georgia moves its capital fromKutaisi toTbilisi.
1124		Dezong establishes theWestern Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia.Balasagun is the capital.
1125		TheRepublic of Siena is established.Siena is the capital.
1126		Gaozong establishes theSouthern Song dynasty inChina.Lin'an is the capital.
1126		TheJurchen conquerKaifeng and end theNorthern Song dynasty. Thus theJin dynasty takes over inNorthern China.^[56]
1130	25 December	The NormanKingdom of Sicily is established; theDuchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished.
1136		TheNovgorod Republic is established.Novgorod is the capital.
1137		TheDuchy of Naples is annexed by theKingdom of Sicily.
1138		TheDuchy of Silesia is founded.Breslau is the capital.
1139		TheKingdom of Portugal gains independence from theKingdom of León.
1139		TheCounty of Portugal declares independence from theKingdom of León, as theKingdom of Portugal.
1140		TheCounty of Tyrol is established.
1144		TheCounty of Edessa is conquered by theSeljuks.
1147		TheAlmohad Caliphate follows theAlmoravid dynasty inal-Andalus and Northwest Africa.Tinmel is the capital.
1154		TheAngevin Empire is created from a personal union between theKingdom of England and theKingdom of France.
1156	17 September	TheDuchy of Austria is established.Vienna is the capital.
1156		KingErik den helige ofSweden leads the first crusade toFinland and incorporates it withSweden.
1157		TheMargraviate of Brandenburg is established.Brandenburg an der Havel is the capital.
1157		TheGrand Duchy of Vladimir is established.Vladimir is the capital.
1160		TheRepublic of Lucca is founded.Lucca is the capital.
1162		The VikingKingdom of Dublin is conquered byEngland.
		Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of theKingdom of Aragon and theCounty of Barcelona, establishing theCrown of Aragon.
		ThePrincipality of Catalonia follows theCounty of Barcelona.
1163		TheGhaznavid dynasty moves its capital fromGhazni toLahore.
1171		Saladin establishes theAyyubid dynasty inEgypt andSyria.Cairo is the capital.
		Fall of theFatimids inEgypt.
		The Anglo-NormanLordship of Ireland emerges and dominates most of the island ofIreland. The rest of the island remained under the control of various Gaelic-Irish kingdoms or chieftains, who were often at war with the Anglo-Normans.
1172		Jämtland is conquered by theKingdom of Norway.
1174		TheAyyubid dynasty moves its capital fromCairo toDamascus.
1180		TheKingdom of Benin is created with the foundation of the capitalEdo.
		Territories secede from theDuchy of Saxony
		TheDuchy of Styria is established.Graz is the capital.
1181		Pomerania becomes a fief of theHoly Roman Empire
1183		TheDuchy of Brabant is established.Brussels is the capital.
1185		TheSecond Bulgarian Empire gains independence from theByzantine Empire underPeter IV of Bulgaria.
1185		InJapan, theKamakura period begins with the assumption of power by theKamakura shogunate.
1186		TheBishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modernLatvia.
1186		TheGhaznawid dynasty is disestablished.
1190		ThePrincipality of Arbanon is established.
1192		Crusaders establish theKingdom of Cyprus.
1192		TheDuchy of Styria joins theKingdom of Hungary.
1194		TheSeljuk Empire is disestablished.
1197		TheKingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished.
1198		ThePrincipality of Bohemia becomes theKingdom of Bohemia.Prague remains the capital.
1199		ThePrincipality of Galicia–Volhynia is established.

Year	Date	Event
1202		TheBishopric of Livonia is renamed theBishopric of Riga.
1204		TheKingdom of France annexes theDuchy of Normandy.
		TheEmpire of Nicaea is established as a successor state of theByzantine Empire.Nicaea is the capital.
		TheEmpire of Trebizond is established as a successor state of theByzantine Empire.Trabizond is the capital.
		Crusaders establish theTriarchy of Negroponte from areas of theByzantine Empire.Chalcis is the capital.
		Crusaders establish theKingdom of Thessalonica from areas of theByzantine Empire.Thessaloniki is the capital.
		Crusaders establish thePrincipality of Achaea from areas of theByzantine Empire.Andravida is the capital.
		After thesack of Constantinople,crusaders establish theLatin Empire, which follows theByzantine Empire.Constantinople is the capital.
1205		TheDespotate of Epirus is established as the successor state of theByzantine Empire.Arta is the capital.
1205		Crusaders establish theDuchy of Athens from areas of theByzantine Empire.Athens is the capital.
1206		Qutb al-Din Aibak establishes theDelhi Sultanate.Lahore is the capital.
1206		Genghis Khan establishes theMongol Empire.Avarga is the capital.
1207	August	TheBishopric of Riga cedes one-third of its lands to theLivonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202).
		TheRepublic of Venice conquers the island ofCrete.
		Crusaders establish theDuchy of the Archipelago from areas of theByzantine Empire.Naxos is the capital.
1210		TheMongol Empire captures much of theWestern Liao dynasty.
1210		TheDelhi Sultanate moves its capital fromLahore toBadaun.
1212		ThePrincipality of Anhalt is established.Weimar is the capital.
1214		TheCounty of Luxembourg is established.
		TheDelhi Sultanate moves its capital fromBadaun toDelhi.
		TheAngevin Empire ends.
1215		Fall of theGhurid dynasty.
1215		TheJaffna Kingdom is established, in Sri Lanka.
1216		ThePrincipality of Wales is founded at theCouncil of Aberdyfi.
1216		TheLivonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in SouthernEstonia.
1217		TheKingdom of Serbia is established.
1217		ThePapal States annexCorsica.
1218		ThePrincipality of Wales is recognized in theTreaty of Worcester.
1218		TheAyyubid dynasty moves its capital fromDamascus back toCairo.
1219		Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties ofRevala,Harju County,Viru County, andJärva County as theDuchy of Estonia.
1220		King Vijayabahu III founds theKingdom of Dambadeniya. The capital isDambadeniya, in Sri Lanka.
1223		The Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors.
1224	21 July	TheLivonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to theBishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
	24 July	TheBishopric of Estonia cedesWiek to theBishopric of Riga.
	August	TheBishopric of Estonia is renamed theBishopric of Dorpat.
		TheKingdom of Thessalonica is conquered by theDespotate of Epirus.
1225		Thái Tông establishes theTrần dynasty inVietnam.
		The town ofRiga gains independence from theBishopric of Riga.
		TheChagatai Khanate originates from parts of theMongol Empire.
1226		TheState of the Teutonic Order is founded.Marienburg is the capital.
1227	February	TheBishopric of Riga and theLivonian Brothers of the Sword subjugateSaaremaa, the last independentEstonian county, and the Sword Brothers conquerDanish Estonia.
1228	August	TheBishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of theBishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to theLivonian Brothers of the Sword.
1230		TheEmirate of Granada is established.Granada is the capital.
1230		TheCrown of Castile is formed by the union of theKingdom of León with theKingdom of Castile.
1231		Aragon completes theConquest of Majorca andMenorca, establishing theKingdom of Majorca as part of theCrown of Aragon.
1231		Fall of theKhwarazmian dynasty inPersia.
1234	24 July	TheBishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of theBishopric of Riga.
1235	September	TheMali Empire is established.
		Aragon conquersIbiza, which becomes part of theKingdom of Majorca.
		Karakorum becomes the capital of theMongol Empire.
		TheDuchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg is established.Brunswick andLüneburg are the capitals.
1236		The Mongols invade NorthernKorea.
1236		Mindaugas establishes theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.Voruta is the capital.
1237	12 May	TheLivonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into theTeutonic Order as the autonomousLivonian Order.
1238	7 June	TheTreaty of Stensby returnsDanish Estonia from theLivonian Order back toDenmark, while the order retainsJerwen.
		Sweden conquers centralFinland.
		The Mongols conquerCrimea.
		TheBishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and aroundLeal in Western Estonia to the autonomousLivonian Order of theTeutonic Order.
		TheKingdom of Sukhothai is founded inSiam.Sukhothai is the capital.
1240		Fall ofKievan Rus' after the Mongol conquest.
		The Mongols conquerTibet.
		The Mongols conquerVolga Bulgaria.
1242		TheMongolGolden Horde conquersRussia.Sarai is the capital.
1242		Upon receiving the news ofÖgedei Khan's death, the Mongols withdraw from Europe, though they have already subjugated significant parts of Central and Eastern Europe.^[57]
1243	26 June	TheSultanate of Rum and theEmpire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongol Empire
1245		TheCrown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become theKingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in theTreaty of Almizra.
1250		TheAyyubid dynasty moves its capital fromCairo toAleppo after the loss ofEgypt.
1250		Beginning of the rule of theMamluk Sultanate overEgypt after the victory over the Mongols.Cairo is the capital.
1251		TheKingdom of Lithuania is established from theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.Kernavė is the capital.
1253		TheBishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomousLivonian Order of theTeutonic Order.
1253		ThePrincipality of Galicia-Volhynia becomes theKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, a vassal state of theGolden Horde.
1254		The Mongols conquer theDali Kingdom.
1255	20 January	TheBishopric of Riga is elevated to theArchbishopric of Riga.
1256		King Béla IV moves the capital of theKingdom of Hungary toBuda.
		TheKingdom of Portugal moves its capital fromCoimbra toLisbon.
		TheIlkhanate originates from parts of theMongol Empire.Maragheh is the capital.
1258	11 May	TheTreaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in theSpanish March andCatalan counties in theMarch of Gothia.
		The Mongols conquerBaghdad, precipitating the fall of theAbbasid Caliphate.
		TheTrần dynasty inVietnam defeats and holds offMongol invasions.
1259	11 August	The death ofMöngke Khan sets off a series of civil wars that eventually result in the politicalfragmentation of theMongol Empire into four autonomous khanates.
1260		The Mongols conquerAleppo. Fall of theAyyubid dynasty.
1261		TheLatin Empire is dissolved, andConstantinople falls again to theByzantine Empire.
1263		After the death ofMindaugas, theKingdom of Lithuania becomes again theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.
1264		TheLandgravate of Hessen is established.
1264		TheDuchy of Ferrara is established.Ferrara is the capital.
1266	2 July	Caithness and the territory of theKingdom of the Isles (theHebrides andMann) is ceded to theKingdom of Scotland by theTreaty of Perth.
1268		TheMamluks conquer thePrincipality of Antioch.
1270		Goryeo becomes a vassal state of theMongol Empire.
1271		Shizu establishes theYuan dynasty inChina.
1272	1 February	TheKingdom of Albania is established.
	10 August	Yekuno Amlak overthrows theZagwe dynasty, establishing theSolomonic dynasty ofEthiopia.Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
		TheYuan dynasty of China moves its capital fromShangdu toDadu.
1273		TheKingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital fromDambadeniya toYapahuwa, in Sri Lanka.
1276		TheKingdom of Majorca is split from theCrown of Aragon, with each realm inherited by different sons ofJames I of Aragon.
1278	8 September	Andorra is granted independence from theCrown of Aragon, whereupon theParéage of Andorra is signed, establishing acondominium between theCount of Foix and theBishop of Urgell in the territory.
1279	19 March	TheSong dynasty is conquered by theYuan dynasty inChina.
		TheKingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of theCrown of Aragon.
		TheChola dynasty is disestablished.
1281		The secondMongol invasion of Japan fails.
1282		TheDiet of Augsburg assigns theDuchy of Austria to theHouse of Habsburg, commencing theHabsburg monarchy.
1283		ThePrincipality of Moscow emerges as a vassal state of theGolden Horde.Moscow is the capital.
1284		TheRepublic of Genoa conquersCorsica from thePapal States.
1285		TheSultanate of Ifat is established.
1286		TheSultanate of Showa is annexed into theSultanate of Ifat.
1287		Parakramabahu III moves the capital of theSinhala Kingdom back toPolonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1289		TheMamluks conquer theCounty of Tripoli.
1290	February	TheArchbishopric of Riga and theLivonian Brothers of the Sword conquerSemigallia, the last independentLatvian territory.
1291		TheOld Swiss Confederacy is established through the merger of the cantons ofUri,Schwyz, andUnterwalden.
		TheMamluks expel the lastcrusaders fromEgypt.
		TheMamluks conquer theKingdom of Jerusalem.
1292		TheLandgravate of Hesse becomes a principality.
1293	10 March	Sweden conquers the southeastern parts ofFinland.
1293		The thalassocraticMajapahit Empire is established in Indonesia.
1295		Chambéry becomes the capital of theCounty of Savoy.
1295		TheDuchy of Pomerania is partitioned intoPomerania-Wolgast andPomerania-Stettin
1296		TheDuchy of Saxony is divided into theDuchy of Saxe-Lauenburg and theDuchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
1296		TheKingdom of Aragon conquersCorsica from theRepublic of Genoa.
1297		TheKingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital fromYapahuwa toPolonnaruwa, in Sri Lanka.
1299		TheOttoman Empire is established.Söğüt is the capital.
1299		TheRepublic of Pisa sells parts ofSardinia to theRepublic of Genoa.

Year	Date	Event
1301		France gainsBarrois mouvant (theCounty of Bar, west of theMeuse River).
1302		TheKingdom of Naples is created by the division of theKingdom of Sicily.Naples is the capital.
1303		Edward I ofEngland invadesScotland again to subdue it.
1303		TheKingdom of Dambadeniya moves its capital fromPolonnaruwa toKurunagala, in Sri Lanka.
1305		France gains the County ofVivarais.
1310		TheDuchy of Mirandola is founded.Mirandola is the capital.
1315		King Charles I moves the capital of theKingdom of Hungary toTemesvár.
1316		France gains the counties ofValentinois andDiois.
1319		Crusaders establish theDuchy of Neopatras.Neopatras is the capital.
1323	12 August	The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation inSwedish Finland.
1323		King Charles I moves the capital of theKingdom of Hungary toVisegrád.
1325	13 March	TheMexicas (Aztecs) establishTenochtitlan, marking the foundation ofMexico. It is the oldest continuous capital city in theAmericas.
1326		The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating theKingdom of Sardinia.
1327		TheDelhi Sultanate moves its capital fromDelhi toDaulatabad.
1328	4 May	By theTreaty of Edinburgh–Northampton,England recognizes the independence ofScotland following the expulsion of the English from Scotland byRobert the Bruce.
1330	March	The autonomousLivonian Order of theTeutonic Order gains control over the nominallyfree town ofRiga.
1330		ThePrincipality of Walachia gains independence from theKingdom of Hungary.
1331		ThePrincipality of Vladimir-Susdal is absorbed into thePrincipality of Moscow.
1333		InJapan, theKenmu Restoration follows theKamakura shogunate.
1334		TheDelhi Sultanate moves its capital fromDaulatabad toDelhi.
1335		TheOttoman Empire moves its capital fromSöğüt toBursa.
		TheDuchy of Silesia becomes part of theKingdom of Bohemia.
		TheMadurai Sultanate secedes from theDelhi Sultanate.Ma'bar is the capital.
1336		TheVijayanagara Empire is established inIndia.Vijayanagar is the capital.
1336		End of theKenmu Restoration inJapan.
1337		TheTsardom of Vidin is founded.Vidin is the capital.
1338		TheAshikaga shogunate is founded in Japan.Kyoto is the capital.
1339		TheCounty of Guelders becomes theDuchy of Guelders.
1340		ThePrincipality of Moscow becomes theGrand Duchy of Moscow.
1341		KingMagnus Eriksson ofSweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
1341		TheKingdom of Gampola succeeds theKingdom of Dambadeniya in Sri Lanka.Gampola is the new capital.
1343		TheRepublic of Senarica is established as an independent microstate in the village ofSenarica, Italy.^[58]
1346	1 November	Denmark sells and hands theDuchy of Estonia over to theTeutonic Order.
1346		ThePrincipality of Moldova is established.
1347	7 June	TheTeutonic Order leases the formerDanish Estonia to its autonomousLivonian Order.
		England conquersCalais fromFrance.
		Moghulistan is established from parts of theChagatai Khanate.
		TheBahmani Sultanate is established as a secession of theDelhi Sultanate.Gulbarga is the capital.
1348		TheDuchy of Mecklenburg is established.
1348		ThePskov Republic is established.Pskov is the capital.
1349		Dauphiné sold to France.
1349		TheKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia is incorporated into theKingdom of Poland.
1350		With the foundation of theAyutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created inAyutthaya, instead of the formerSukhothai.
1352		TheBengal Sultanate is established.Pandua is the capital.
1353		TheCounty of Luxembourg is raised to the status of duchy.
1354		Fa Ngum establishesLan Xang inLaos.Luang Prabang is the capital.
1356		TheElectorate of Saxony is established fromSaxe-Wittenberg.
		TheDespotate of Dobruja is established.Karvuna is the capital.
		TheDuchy of Jülich originates from theCounty of Jülich.
		TheMargraviate of Brandenburg becomes theElectorate of Brandenburg.Brandenburg an der Havel remains the capital.
1358		Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has thePrivilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate theDuchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
1358		TheRepublic of Ragusa is established as atributary state of theKingdom of Hungary.Ragusa is the capital.
1362		ThePrincipality of Kiev becomes part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.
1363		TheOttoman Empire moves its capital fromBursa toAdrianople.
1363		TheCounty of Tyrol becomes part of theHabsburg monarchy.
1366		ThePrince-Bishopric of Liège annexes theCounty of Loon.
1368		Hongwu establishes theMing dynasty inChina.Yingtian andShuntian are the capitals.
		Huizong establishes theNorthern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia.
		Muhammad Shah establishes theBruneian Empire.
1370		Timur establishes theTimurid Empire.Samarkand is the capital.^[59]
1373		First mention of theLuzon Empire.
1373		TheMadurai Sultanate is annexed by theVijayanagara Empire.
1375		TheMamluks conquer theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
1375		Kara Koyunlu is established as a tribal federation.Tabriz is the capital.
1377	26 September	TheKingdom of Bosnia is established.
1377		Fall of theSrivijaya Empire inSoutheast Asia.
1378		Aq Qoyunlu is established as a tribal federation.
1380		TheCounty of Berg is raised to the status of a duchy.
1380		TheBornu Empire is established in north-central Africa.
1384		TheBurgundian Netherlands are established.
1385		TheUnion of Krewo establishes the personal union between theGrand Duchy of Lithuania and theKingdom of Poland.
1388		TheCounty of Savoy receives theCounty of Nice.
1390		TheKingdom of Kongo is established.
		TheTriarchy of Negroponte becomes theKingdom of Negroponte, a colony of theRepublic of Venice.
		TheDuchy of Neopatras is conquered by theDuchy of Athens.
1392		TheJoseon Dynasty succeed theGoryeo Dynasty ofKorea.Hanseong is the capital.
1395		TheDuchy of Milan is established.Milan is the capital.
1396		TheSecond Bulgarian Empire is disestablished after it is conquered by theOttoman Empire.
1396		TheTsardom of Vidin is disestablished after it is conquered by theOttoman Empire.
1397		TheKalmar Union between theKingdom of Denmark,Kingdom of Norway, andKingdom of Sweden is established.
1398		TheTimurid Empire conquersDelhi.
1398		ThePrincipality of Bayreuth and thePrincipality of Ansbach are established.
1399		ThePrincipality of Piombino is established. The capital isPiombino.

Year	Date	Event
1400		Hồ Quý Ly establishes theHồ dynasty inVietnam.Tây Đô is the capital.
1401		TheTimurid Empire conquersDamascus.
1401		TheCounty of Savoy gains theCounty of Geneva.
1403		TheMing dynasty makesBeijing the second capital afterNanjing.
1404		Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince ofWales, holding his Parliament at the capital,Machynlleth.
1404		ThePrincipality of Smolensk becomes part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.
1405		After the death ofTimur, theTimurid Empire is split into two parts. The capital is moved fromSamarkand toHerat.
1406		TheRepublic of Pisa is disestablished and annexed into theRepublic of Florence.
1407		TheMing dynasty of China conquers theHồ dynasty of Vietnam, beginning theFourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
		Giản Định establishes theLater Trần dynasty inVietnam.
		TheGujarat Sultanate is established.Ahmedabad is the capital.
1408		King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of theHungarian Kingdom back toBuda.
1409		Owain Glyndŵr losesHarlech Castle and his allyEdmund Mortimer dies.
1410	15 June	The defeat of theState of the Teutonic Order against theGrand Duchy of Lithuania and theKingdom of Poland at theBattle of Tannenberg ends its eastern expansion.
1411		TheOttoman Empire annexes theDespotat of Dobruja.
1412		English rule spreads andMachynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be the capital ofWales.
1412		Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of theSinhala Kingdom toKotte, in Sri Lanka.
1413	7 June	The autonomousLivonian Order becomesde facto independent from its parentTeutonic Order.
1413		TheMing dynasty of China defeats theLater Trần dynasty of Vietnam.
1415	21 August	TheConquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of thePortuguese Empire.
1415		TheAdal Sultanate is established.
1416		Amadeus VIII establishes theDuchy of Savoy from theCounty of Savoy.Chambéry remains the capital.
1417		TheCounty of Cleves is raised to the status of a duchy.Cleves is the capital.
		ThePrincipality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of theOttoman Empire.
		TheElectorate of Brandenburg moves its capital fromBrandenburg an der Havel toBerlin.
1422		Start of the second personal union between theKingdom of England and theKingdom of France.
1426		TheKingdom of Cyprus becomes a vassal state of theMamluks.
1427		End of theFourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.
1428		Thái Tổ establishes theLater Lê dynasty inVietnam.Đông Kinh is the capital.
		Abu'l-Khayr Khan establishes theUzbek Khanate.Chimgi-Tura is the capital.
		TheAztec Empire inMexico is established from the union of three city-states.
1429		TheRyukyu Kingdom is established.Shuri is the capital.
c. 1430		TheSonghai Empire becomes independent from theMali Empire.Gao is the capital.
1431		TheKhmer Empire is dissolved after the invasion of theAyutthaya Kingdom.
1432	March	Burgundy acquires theCounty of Hainaut.
1432		ThePrincipality of Achaea is annexed by theByzantine Empire.
1434	March	TheArchbishopric of Riga sells itsDondangen Parish to theBishopric of Courland.
1434		TheRepublic of Genoa reconquersCorsica from theKingdom of Aragon.
1435	1 September	TheArchbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics ofCourland,Dorpat andÖsel-Wiek, the autonomousLivonian Order of theTeutonic Order, and the town ofRiga form theLivonian Confederation.
1438		TheKhanate of Kazan splits from theGolden Horde.Kazan is the capital.
		TheInca Empire is established.Cusco is the capital.
		TheSukhothai Kingdom is annexed by theAyutthaya Kingdom inSiam.
1441		TheKhanate of Crimea splits from theGolden Horde.
1444	March	TheAlbanian Principalities are unified to form the AlbanianLeague of Lezhë.
1447		Ambrosian Republic supersedes theDuchy of Milan
1450		Duchy of Milan supersedesAmbrosian Republic
1452		TheArchbishopric of Riga and the autonomousLivonian Order of theTeutonic Order agree with acondominium over the nominallyfree town ofRiga, until then under thede facto control of the Livonian Order.
1453	6 January	TheDuchy of Austria becomes theArchduchy of Austria.Vienna remains the capital.
	29 May	TheByzantine Empire falls to theOttoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved toConstantinople (nowIstanbul,Turkey). The political situation leads to the closure of theSilk Road to trade, forcing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets and thereby initiating the "Age of Discovery".
	14 October	End of the second personal union between theKingdom of France and theKingdom of England after the end of theHundred Years' War.
		France annexes theDuchy of Aquitaine.
1454		TheState of the Teutonic Order moves its capital fromMarienburg toKönigsberg.
1455		TheKingdom of Imereti becomes independent from theKingdom of Georgia.Kutaisi is the capital.
1456		TheDuchy of Bouillon is founded.Bouillon is the capital.
1458		TheRepublic of Ragusa becomes a vassal state of theOttoman Empire.
1458		TheDuchy of Athens is annexed by theOttoman Empire.
1459		TheTeutonic Order cedes its already leased-out formerDanish Estonia over to its autonomousLivonian Order.
1461		TheEmpire of Trebizond is conquered by theOttoman Empire as the last successor state of theByzantine Empire.
1462		Moghulistan splits into two parts.
1462		The uninhabitedCape Verde Islands become a colony ofPortugal.
1463		TheOttoman Empire annexes theKingdom of Bosnia.
1464		TheCounty of East Frisia is established.
1464		TheSonghai Empire conquersTimbuktu from theMali Empire.
1466		TheSecond Peace treaty of Thorn.Poland gainsMichałow land,Chełmno land with Toruń,Gdańsk, Pomerania,Warmia and Żuławy withMalbork andElbląg.Teutonic order becomes a vassal of theKingdom of Poland
1465		TheKazakh Khanate is established.Sozak is the capital.
1465		TheKingdom of Kakheti is established.Gremi is the capital.
1468		TheKhanate of Sibir splits from theGolden Horde.
1468		The tribal empire ofKara Koyunlu is disestablished.
1469		The crowns of theIberian Christian kingdoms ofCastile andAragon were united by the marriage ofIsabella I of Castile andFerdinand II of Aragon, as theKingdom of Spain.
1470		TheTriarchy of Negroponte is annexed by theOttoman Empire.
1470		TheChimú Empire is conquered by theInca Empire.
1471		João de Santarém discoversSão Tomé and takes possession of it for theKingdom of Portugal.
1471		The Kingdom of Portugal conquersTangier.
1472		Ludlow becomes the administrative capital ofWales, as the site of theCouncil of Wales and the Marches.
		TheKingdom of Scotland annexesOrkney andShetland.
		Beginning of the rule of theWattasid dynasty overMorocco.Fez is the capital.
1473		Mechelen becomes the capital of theBurgundian Netherlands.
1474		TheDuchy of Holstein is created from theCounty of Holstein-Rendsburg.
1477		TheSengoku period begins inJapan. TheAshikaga shogunat ends and Japan falls apart into small principalities.
1478		TheCanary Islands are conquered by theCatholic Monarchs of Spain.
		TheGrand Duchy of Moscow annexes theNovgorod Republic.
		TheKingdom of Kartli is established.Tbilisi is the capital.
1479		The AlbanianLeague of Lezhë is annexed by theOttoman Empire.
1479		TheRepublic of Venice loses parts of theAdriatic coast to the Ottoman Empire.
1480	28 November	After theGreat Stand on the Ugra River, theGrand Duchy of Moscow ceases to be a vassal state of theGolden Horde.
1480		According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the land bridge (Adam's Bridge) connecting theKingdom of Kandy (in present-daySri Lanka) andMainland India.
1481		France gains the County ofProvence.
1482		TheBurgundian Netherlands are disestablished and become theAustrian Netherlands as part of theHabsburg monarchy.
1482		France gains theDuchy of Burgundy.
1485		King Matthias I moves the capital of theHungarian Kingdom toBécs.
1485		TheAstrakhan Khanate splits from theGolden Horde.
1488		Bartolomeu Dias rounds theCape of Good Hope.
1489		TheKingdom of Cyprus falls to theRepublic of Venice.
1490	2 January	The combined forces ofCastile andAragon capture theEmirate of Granada, completingSpain'sReconquista.
	20 May	Vasco da Gama discovers a sea route to India.
		King Vladislaus II moves the capital of theHungarian Kingdom back toBuda.
		TheKingdom of Georgia is divided into different parts.
1492	3 May	Christopher Columbus arrives atXamayca.^[60]
1492	12 October	While seeking a route to theEast Indies,Genoese navigatorCristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island ofGuanahani in theLucayan Archipelago,^[61] which he mistakes for theJapanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns ofCastile andAragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claimsCuba andHispaniola.
1493	4 May	Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues thepapal bullInter caetera granting to the Crowns ofCastile andAragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of themeridian 100leagues west of any of the islands of theAzores (approximately 38°11' west ofGreenwich.)
1494	7 June	Representatives of theKingdom of Spain and theKingdom of Portugal sign theTreaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in theAmericas (andAfrica andAsia) at ameridian 46°0' west ofGreenwich.
1495	21 July	TheDuchy of Württemberg is established out of theCounty of Württemberg.Stuttgart remains the capital.
1498		Vasco da Gama reachesMozambique and takes possession of it forPortugal.
1498		Spain creates theProvince of Tierra Firme (Spanish Main) in the Americas.
1499–1501		TheSafavids conquerPersia.Tabriz is the capital.

v t e List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
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