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Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul:대끼깐뿐;Chinese:臺語諺文;pinyin:Táiyǔ Yànwén;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is anorthography system forTaiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted byTaiwanese linguistHsu Tsao-te [zh] in 1987, it uses modifiedHangul letters to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported byAng Ui-jin.[1][2] Because bothChinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use ofChinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.
| Taiwanese Hangul | |
|---|---|
 Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | Hsu Tsao-te [zh] (first proposed) |
Time period | since 1987 |
| Languages | Taiwanese Hokkien |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Hangul
|
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Letters
editInitials
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | ||
| Nasal | ᄆ[m] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ ) | ᄂ[n] ㄋ 耐 (nāi) | ㄸ[ŋ] ㄫ 雅 (ngá) | |||||||
| Stop | Unaspirated | ᄇ[p] ㄅ 邊 (pian) | ᄈ[b] ㆠ 文 (bûn) | ᄃ[t] ㄉ 地 (tē) | ᄀ[k] ㄍ 求 (kiû) | ᄁ[ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí) | ||||
| Aspirated | ᄑ[pʰ] ㄆ 波 (pho) | ᄐ[tʰ] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ) | ᄏ[kʰ] ㄎ 去 (khì) | |||||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated | ᄌ[ts] ㄗ 曾 (tsan/chan) | ᄍ[dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h) | ᄌ[tɕ] ㄐ 尖 (tsiam/chiam) | ᄍ[dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p) | |||||
| Aspirated | ᄎ[tsʰ] ㄘ 出 (tshut/chhut) | ᄎ[tɕʰ] ㄑ 手 (tshiú/chhiú) | ||||||||
| Fricative | ㅅ[s] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ) | ㅅ[ɕ] ㄒ 寫 (siá) | ᄒ[h] ㄏ 喜 (hí) | |||||||
| Lateral | ᄅ[l] ㄌ 柳 (liú) | |||||||||
Vowels
edit
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Coda endings
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal consonant | ᄆ[m] ㆬ (-m) | ᄂ[n] ㄣ (-n) | ㅇ[ŋ] ㆭ (-ng) | |
| Stop consonant | ᄇ[p̚] ㆴ (-p) | ᄃ[t̚] ㆵ (-t) | ᄀ[k̚] ㆶ (-k) | ᄒ[ʔ] ㆷ (-h) |
Tone markings
edit| No. | Hangul | Latindiacritics | Chinesetone name | Examples Hangul/Latin/Hanzi(Listen 🔊) meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ᄋ | absent | 陰平 (yinping) dark level | 카ᄋ/kha/跤🔊 foot; leg |
| 2 | ᄅ | ◌́ | 上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang) rising /dark rising | 쥐ㄹ/tsúi/水🔊 water |
| 3 | ᄂ | ◌̀ | 陰去 (yinqu) dark departing | 갈ㄴ/kàu/到🔊 arrive |
| 4 | ᄋ | absent | 陰入 (yinru) dark entering | 빻ㅇ/bah/肉🔊 meat |
| 5 | ᄉ | ◌̂ | 陽平 (yangping) light level | 옹ㅅ/ông/王🔊 king |
| (6) appears only inLukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect | not devised | ◌̆ | 陽上 (yangshang) light rising | []/huǎn(Lukang)/犯 violate / commit (a crime) |
| 7 | ᄀ | ◌̄ | 陽去 (yangqu) light departing | 환ㄱ/huān(prestige)/犯🔊 violate / commit (a crime) |
| 8 | ᄇ | ̍ (overstroke/vertical line above) | 陽入 (yangru) light entering | 쫳ㅂ/joa̍h/熱🔊 hot |
| Continuous tone sandhi | ㅣ | absent | occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4 | 대시끼ㄹ/Tâi-gí/臺語🔊 Taiwanese language |
Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean
edit| Taiwanese Hokkien | Korean | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ㅃ | /b/, avoiced consonant | /p͈/, atense consonant | |
| ㄲ | /g/, a voiced consonant | /k͈/, a tense consonant | |
| ㅉ | /ʣ/ or/ʥ/, a voiced consonant | /t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant | |
| ㄸ | /ŋ/, | /t͈/ | as thesyllable onset such as 따 |
| ㅎ | /ʔ/, aglottal stop | /t̚/ | as thesyllable coda such as 앟 |
| ㅅ | /ⁿ/,vowel nasalization | /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 앗 |
| ㅆ | /ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ | /s͈/ or/t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 았 |
| ᅥ | /o/ or/ə/ | /ʌ/ | |
| ᅩ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | |
| ㅐ | /ai/ | /ɛ/ | |
| 알 | /au/ | /aɭ/ | |
| ㅡ | silent | /ɯ/ | |
| ㅢ | 읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ɰi/,/i/,/ɛ/ |
Examples
edit| Taiwanese Hangul | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese characters | 關係行善的教訓 恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行； | ||
| Chinese-Hangul mixed writing | 關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； | Chinese-Latin mixed writing | 關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； |
| Hangul | 관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； | Romanization | Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. |