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TheSyndiniales are anorder of early branchingdinoflagellates (also known as MarineAlveolates, "MALVs"), found asparasites ofcrustaceans,fish,algae,cnidarians, andprotists (ciliates,radiolarians, other dinoflagellates).[1][2][3] Thetrophic form is oftenmultinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motilespores, which have twoflagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack atheca andchloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, thenucleus is never adinokaryon. A well-studied example isAmoebophrya, which is aparasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in endingred tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales;[4] recent studies, however, showparaphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales.[3]
| Syndiniales | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | Syndiniophyceae |
| Order: | Syndiniales Loeblich III, 1976 |
| Family | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Taxonomy
edit- ClassSyndiniophyceaeLoeblich III, 1976 [Syndinea][5][6]
- OrderSyndiniales Loeblich III 1976 [CoccidinalesChatton & Biecheler 1934]
- FamilyHematodiniidae
- GenusHematodiniumChatton & Poisson 1930
- FamilyCoccidiniaceae [CoccidinidaeChatton & Biecheler 1934]
- GenusCoccidiniumChatton & Biecheler 1934
- FamilyEuduboscquellidaeCoats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012
- GenusEuduboscquellaCoats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012
- FamilySyndiniaceaeChatton 1920
- GenusTrypanodiniumChatton 1912
- GenusMerodiniumChatton 1923
- GenusSyndiniumChatton 1910 [AtelodiniumChatton 1920;SynhemidiniumChatton 1952 nom. illeg.;Solenodinium(Chatton 1923) Chatton 1952]
- FamilyAmoebophryaceaeCachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970 [Amoebophryidae]
- GenusAmoebophryaKoeppen 1894 [HyalosaccusKoeppen 1899]
- FamilySphaeriparaceaeLoeblich III 1970
- GenusActinodiniumChatton & Hovasse 1937
- GenusCaryotomaHollande 1953
- GenusAtlanticellodiniumCachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965
- GenusSphaeriparaPoche 1911 [LohmanniaNeresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898;LohmanellaNeresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901;NeresheimeriaÜbel 1912]
- FamilyHematodiniidae
- OrderSyndiniales Loeblich III 1976 [CoccidinalesChatton & Biecheler 1934]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^van den Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1995).Algae: an Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–280.ISBN 0-521-31687-1.
- ^Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K (September 2012). "Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates".Protist.163 (5):767–77.doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004.PMID 22658831.
- ^abStrassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ (January 2018)."Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates".The ISME Journal.12 (1):304–308.doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.167.PMC 5739020.PMID 28994824.
- ^Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ (December 2008). "Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)".Environmental Microbiology.10 (12):3349–65.doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x.PMID 18771501.
- ^Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P (July 2010). "Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae)".Protist.161 (3):466–78.doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005.PMID 20188628.
- ^Gómez F (2012)."A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)"(PDF).CICIMAR Oceánides.27 (1):65–140.doi:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-11-27.
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