TheSultanate of Damagaram was a Muslim pre-colonial state in what is now southeasternNiger, centered on the city ofZinder.

The Sultanate of Damagaram was founded in 1731 (nearMirriah, modern Niger) by MuslimKanuri aristocrats, led by Mallam (r. 1736–1743). Damagaram was at the beginning a vassal state of the decayingKanem–Bornu Empire, but it quickly came to conquer all its fellow vassal states of western Bornu. In the 1830s, the small band of Bornu nobles and retainers conquered the Myrria kingdom, theSassebaki sultanates (including Zinder). By the 19th century, Damagaram had absorbed 18 Bornu vassal states in the area.

Zinder rose from a small Hausa village to an important center of theTrans-Saharan trade with the moving of the capital of Damagaram there in 1736. The large fortress of the southeast central city (Birini) was built shortly thereafter, and became a major hub for trade south throughKano and east toBornu. The Hausa town and Zengou, itsTuareg suburb,^[1] expanded with this trade.

Damagaram had a mixed relationship with the other major regional power, theSokoto Caliphate to the south. While it provided aid to the animist Hausa-led refugee states to its west (in what is now Niger) who were formed from the rump of the states conquered by the Sokoto Caliph, Damagaram also maintained good relations with its southern neighbors. Damagaram sat astride the major trade route linkingTripoli to Kano, one of the more powerful Sokoto sultanates, which provided the economic lifeblood of both states. An east–west trade from theNiger River to Bornu also passed through Zinder, making relations with animist neighbors likeMaradi or the Gobirwa as profitable, and thus important. Damagaram also covered some of the more productive of Bornu's western salt-producing evaporation mines, as well as farms producing Ostrich feathers, highly valued in Europe.

In the mid-19th century, European travelers estimated the state covered some 70,000 square kilometers and had a population of over 400,000, mostlyHausa, but also Tuareg,Fula,Kanuri,Arab andToubou. At the center of the state was the royal family, a Sultan (inHausa theSarkin Damagaram) with many wives (estimated at 300 by visitorHeinrich Barth in 1851) and children, and a tradition of direct (to son or brother) succession which reached 26 rulers by 1906. The sultan ruled through the activities of two primary officers: theCiroma (Military commander and prime minister) and his heir apparent, theYakudima. By the end of the 19th century, Damagaram could field an army of 5,000 cavalry, 30,000-foot soldiers. Damagaram could also call upon forces of the alliedKel Gres Tuareg who formed communities near Zinder and other parts of the sultanate.^{[citation needed]}Gun carriages and cannons were produced in the state by the second half of the 19th century. According toRobin Law, such artillery were ineffective for war or rarely used practically.^[2]

When the French arrived in force in the 1890s, Zinder was the only city of over 10,000 in what is today Niger. Damagaram found itself threatened by well-armed European incursions to the west, and the conquering forces ofRabih az-Zubayr to the east and south. In 1898, A French force under CaptainMarius Gabriel Cazemajou spent three weeks under the Sultan's protection in Damagaram. Cazemajou had been dispatched to form an alliance against the British with Rabih, and the Sultan's court was alarmed at the prospect of their two most powerful new threats linking up. Cazemajou was murdered by a faction at the court, and the remainder of the French escaped, protected by other factions. In 1899, the reconstituted elements of the ill-fatedVoulet–Chanoine Mission finally arrived in Damagaram on their way to revenge Cazemajou's death. Meeting on 30 July at theBattle of Tirmini, 10 km from Zinder, the well-armed Senegalese-French troops defeated the Sultan and took Damagaram's capital.

With colonialism came the loss of some of Damagaram's traditional lands and its most important trade partner to the British inNigeria.

The French placed the capital of the new Niger Military Territory there in 1911. In 1926, following fears of Hausa revolts and improving relations with theDjerma of the west, the capital was transferred to the village ofNiamey.

The brother of SultanAhmadou mai Roumji had earlier sided with the French, and was placed on the throne in 1899 as SultanAhamadou dan Bassa. Following French intelligence that a rising by Hausa in the area was preparing a revolt with the aid of the Sultan, a puppet Sultan was placed in power in 1906, though the royal line was restored in 1923. The Sultanate continues to operate in a ceremonial function into the 21st century.

The wealth of Damagaram depended on three related sources: taxes and income from the caravan trade, the capture and the exchange of slaves, and internal taxes.

Damagaram was originally an area of hunting and gathering activities. As the sultanate developed, the rulers encouraged the rural population to expand farming. Most of the land, especially that surrounding the capital Zinder, belonged to the Sultan and a few notables. In all cases, people who held land were obliged to pay an annual tribute to the sultan.

In order to limit theenvironmental degradation of this conversion to agriculture, the sultan Tanimoune (1854–84) enforced laws to forbid the cutting of certain trees, with particular emphasis on the gawo tree (Faidherbia albida) with its fertilising properties: "He who cuts a gawo tree without authorization will have his head severed; he who mutilates it without reason will have an arm cut off." The sultan and later his successors also proceeded to plant trees,gawo trees in particular, and dispersed the seeds throughout the empire. Other protected trees wereaduwa (Balanites aegyptiaca),kurna ormagaria (Ziziphus spina-christi andZiziphus mauritiana),madaci dirmi (Khaya senegalensis),magge andgamji (Ficus spp.). The fallow period for land at that time was six years.^[3]

The authority that the sultan claimed on trees was a new practice, breaking with customary views on trees in the Sahel. Traditionally, trees were considered 'gifts from the gods' and could not be owned by any individual, but belonged either to the spirits of the bush or to God. The policies of sultan Tanimoune anchored a new perception: they became called the 'trees of the sultan'.

The Sultanate of Damagaram has been ruled by the following sultans:^[4]

• Mallam Yunus dan Ibram 1731–1746
• Baba dan Mallam 1746–1757
• Tanimoun Babami 1757–1775
• Assafa dan Tanimoun 1775–1782
• Abaza dan Tanimoun 1782–1787
• Mallam dan Tanimoun Babou Tsaba 1787–1790
• Daouda dan Tanimoun 1790–1799
• Ahmadou dan Tanimoun Na Chanza 1799–1812
• Sulayman dan Tanimoun 1812–1822
• Ibrahim dan Suleyman 1822-1841
• Tanimoun dan Suleyman 1841-1843
• Ibrahim dan Suleyman (restored) 1843–1851
• Tanimoun dan Suleyman (restored) 1851-1884
• Abba Gato 1884
• Suleyman dan Aisa 1884-1893
• Amadou dan Tanimoun Mai Roumji Kouran Daga 1893-1899
• Amadou dan Tanimoun dan Bassa 1899-1906
• Usman Ballama (regent) 1906-1923
• Barma Moustapha 1923-1950
• Sanda Oumarou dan Amadou 1950-1978
• Aboubacar Sanda Oumarou 1978-2000
• Mamadou Moustafa 2000-2011
• Aboubacar Sanda Oumarou (restored) 2011–present

• List of Sunni dynasties

• Columbia Encyclopedia:Zinder
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Zinder" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 985.
• James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1979)ISBN 0-8108-1229-0
• Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983)ISBN 0-521-25268-7