TheSukhoi Su-47Berkut (Russian:Сухой Су-47 «Беркут»,lit. 'Golden Eagle') (NATO reporting nameFirkin^[1]), also designatedS-32 andS-37 during initial development, was a Russian experimentalsupersonicjet fighter developed by theJSC Sukhoi Company. A distinguishing feature of the aircraft was itsforward-swept wing^[2] which gave the aircraft excellent agility and maneuverability. While serial production of the type never materialized and the configuration was not further pursued, the sole aircraft produced served as a technology demonstrator prototype for a number of advanced technologies later used in thefourth-generation fighterSu-35 and thefifth-generation fighterSu-57.

Su-47Berkut
The Su-47 at an airshow in June 2007
General information
Type	Experimental aircraft/Technology demonstrator
Manufacturer	Sukhoi
Designer	Mikhail Pogosyan
Status	Cancelled
Primary user	Russian Air Force
Number built	1
History
First flight	25 September 1997; 27 years ago (1997-09-25)
Developed from	Sukhoi Su-37

Originally known as the S-37, Sukhoi redesignated its advanced test aircraft as the Su-47 in 2002. Officially nicknamedBerkut (Russian:Беркут) (the Russian word for thegolden eagle), the Su-47 was originally built as Russia's principal testbed for composite materials and sophisticated fly-by-wire control systems, as well as new airframe technologies.

TsAGI has long been aware of the advantages of forward-swept wings,^[3] with research including the development of theTsibin LL and study of the capturedJunkers Ju 287 in the 1940s. At high angles of attack, the wing tips remain retracted allowing the aircraft to retain aileron control. Conversely to more conventional rear-swept wings, forward sweep geometrically creates increasedangle of incidence of the outer wing sections when the wing bends under load. The wings experience higher bending moments, leading to a tendency for the wings to fail structurally at lower speeds than for a straight or aft-swept wing.

The project was launched in 1983 on order from the Soviet Air Force. But when the USSR dissolved, funding was frozen and development continued only through funding by Sukhoi.^[4] Like its US counterpart, theGrumman X-29, the Su-47 was primarily a technology demonstrator for future Russian fighters such as theSukhoi Su-57. The forward-swept wing configuration was ultimately not pursued because it was mainly advantageous at transonic speeds while an aft-swept wing was superior at supersonic speeds.^[5]

The Su-47 is of similar dimensions to previous large Sukhoi fighters, such as theSu-35. To reduce development costs, the Su-47 borrowed the forward fuselage, vertical tails, and landing gear of theSu-27 family. Nonetheless, the aircraft includes an internal weapons bay, and space set aside for an advanced radar.

Like its immediate predecessor, theSu-37, the Su-47 is oftandem-triple layout, withcanards ahead of wings andtailplanes. The Su-47 has two tailbooms of unequal length outboard of the exhaust nozzles, carrying rearward-facingradar and abreaker-chute.^[6]

The Su-47 has extremely high agility at subsonic speeds, enabling the aircraft to alter its angle of attack and its flight path very quickly while retaining maneuverability in supersonic flight.^[7]

The forward-swept wings give the Su-47 an unconventional appearance. The inner portion of the wing generates a substantial part of the lift. This lift is not restricted by wingtip stall,^[8] and the lift-induced wingtip vortex generation is thus reduced. Theaileron remain effective at the highest angles of attack, and controllability of the aircraft is retained even in the event of airflow separating from the remainder of the wings' surface.

A disadvantage of such a forward-swept wing design is that it twists when under load, resulting in greater stress on the wing than occurs with a similar straight or aft-swept wing.^[9] This requires the wing be designed to twist as it bends—opposite to the geometric twisting.^[10] This is done by the use of composite wing skins laid-up to twist. The aircraft was initially limited to Mach 1.6. Because the forward sweep was primarily beneficial at transonic speed while losing out to aft-swept wing at supersonic speed, it was not pursued further.

Thethrust vectoring (with PFU engine modification) of ±20° at 30°/second in pitch and yaw would have greatly supported the agility gained by other aspects of the design.

According to some sources, the Su-47 was treated withradar absorbent material (RAM) in order to reduce its radar signature. However, the airframe itself has no specific features characteristic of true stealth aircraft that would more significantly reduce its radar cross-section.^[11]

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2000–01^[12]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in)
• Wingspan: 16.7 m (54 ft 9 in)
• Height: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in)
• Wing area: 56 m² (600 sq ft)
• Airfoil: 5%
• Gross weight: 25,670 kg (56,593 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 34,000 kg (74,957 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 ×Soloviev D-30F11^[13] afterburningturbofan engines, 93.1 kN (20,900 lbf) thrust each engines with 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional thrust-vectoring nozzles planned for testing. dry, 153 kN (34,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

• Maximum speed: 2,200 km/h (1,400 mph, 1,200 kn) / M2.21 at altitude

1,400 km/h (870 mph; 760 kn) / M1.12 at sea level

• Range: 3,300 km (2,100 mi, 1,800 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft)
• g limits:+9
• Rate of climb: 233^[14] m/s (45,900 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 607 kg/m² (124 lb/sq ft) max (approx.)

458 kg/m² (94 lb/sq ft) normal (approx.)

• Thrust/weight: 1.00 max take-off weight

1.29 normal take-off weight

Armament

• provision for conformal weapon storage

Avionics

• provision for mission radar in nose and ECM in tail radomes

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  Su-47 next to a Sukhoi Su-35UB at theMAKS-2003 air show.
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  Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut in the lead, followed by a Su-27SKM (top) and aSu-30MKK (bottom).

Related development

• Sukhoi Su-27
• Sukhoi Su-30
• Sukhoi Su-33
• Sukhoi Su-34
• Sukhoi Su-35
• Sukhoi Su-37
• Sukhoi Su-57 /Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• KB SAT SR-10
• Grumman X-29
• Mikoyan Project 1.44

• Gordon, Yefim (2002).Sukhoi S-37 and Mikoyan MFI: Russian Fifth-Generation Fighter Demonstrators – Red Star Vol. 1. Midland Publishing.ISBN 978-1-85780-120-0.
• Tayor, Michael J. H. (1999).World Aircraft & Systems Directory. Herndon, VA: Brassey's. pp. 78–79.

• S-37 Berkut at Fighter-Planes.com