Stefan Uroš I (Serbian Cyrillic:Стефан Урош I;c. 1223 – 1 May 1277), known asUroš the Great (Serbian:Урош Велики,romanized: Uroš Veliki)^[a] was theKing of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brotherStefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} During his reign the foundations were laid for the expansion of the Serbian medieval state, which would become anempire in the middle of the 14th century.

Saint Stefan Uroš I Стефан Урош I
A fresco atSopoćani monastery,Serbia
Ktetor
Born	c. 1223 Raška
Died	1 May 1277 (aged 55) Hum
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church
King of all Serbian and Maritime Lands
Reign	1243–1276
Coronation	1243
Predecessor	Stefan Vladislav
Successor	Stefan Dragutin
Burial	Sopoćani monastery
Spouse	Saint Helen of Serbia
Issue	Stefan Dragutin Stefan Uroš II Milutin Brnjača Stefan
House	Nemanjić dynasty
Father	Stefan Nemanjić
Mother	Anna Dandolo
Religion	Serbian Orthodox
Signature

Stefan Uroš was the youngest son ofStefan the First-Crowned andAnna, the granddaughter ofEnrico Dandolo,Doge of Venice. He had two older half-brothers, on his father's side, kingsStefan Radoslav andStefan Vladislav.^[6][7]

Scholars have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen. The revolting nobility had chosen Uroš as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of Uroš. It seems that Uroš captured Vladislav. The main resistance against Uroš was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava. The hostilities did not last long. Uroš was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration ofZeta.^{[8][9][10][11]}

At 25 years of age, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined. Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts; Uroš managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy.^[10][12]

The situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favourable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way. Uroš correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary inPodunavlje. The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the middle Podunavlje. Apart from this, Uroš also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against theRepublic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state.^[3][6]

Particular significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests. He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar.^[7][13]

Uroš was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model. He protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after.^[6][14]

King Uroš lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work.^[15]

In foreign policy Uroš skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between theDespotate of Epirus and theEmpire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from theLatin Empire. But when the Latin Empire fell, and EmperorMichael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, Uroš began to coalite with his wife's cousin,Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible. Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian kings, Uroš at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation, and married his eldest son and heir,Stefan Dragutin, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian kingStephen V.^[16]

Pushed by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne. Uroš retired with his loyals toHum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.^[17][18]

Under Stefan Uroš I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines.^[19] The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore.^[19] Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status—they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches.^[19] Important mines were located atNovo Brdo,Brskovo andRudnik.

Economic prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with theDalmatian cities ofDubrovnik andKotor. The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after theVenetian standard.

In 1252–1253, Uroš I was at war with theRepublic of Ragusa, which bordered theHum, which was held by his kinsmanRadoslav Andrijić. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations withBéla IV of Hungary. Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended.

During the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favoured by the Serbian queen. A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of tribute that Dubrovnik was expected to contribute annually to the Serbian crown. The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century.

In 1268 the Serbian kinginvaded the Hungarian possessions south of theDanube inMačva, what is now western central Serbia. In spite of some initial success, Stefan Uroš was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release. A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and Stefan Uroš's sonStefan Dragutin of Serbia was married toCatherine, the daughter of the future kingStephen V of Hungary.

By the end of his reign, Stefan Uroš apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Hum, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility. In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him anappanage. The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the futureStefan Milutin, his heir.

Worried about the inheritance and his very life, Stefan Dragutin finally demanded the throne in 1276. When Stefan Uroš refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives. The allies defeated the Serbian king and Stefan Uroš was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later. His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation ofSopoćani.

•  
  Sopoćani Monastery
•  
  Sase Monastery
•  
  Maglič

King Uroš was married toHelen (d. 1314), a distant cousin of kingCharles I of Naples. Various earlier researchers thus believed that Helen herself was a scion of theCapetian House of Anjou. On that assumption, they coined and often used the term:Helen of Anjou (Serbian Cyrillic:Јелена Анжујска /Jelena Anžujska). Contrary to that, newer scholarly analyses have shown that Helen was not an Angevin princess, but various genealogical questions related to her real ancestry and family ties are still considered as unresolved.^{[20][21][22][23][24][25]}

King Uroš I and queen Helen had at least three children:

• Stefan Dragutin, who succeeded as king
• Stefan Milutin, who succeeded as king in 1282
• Brnjača, a daughter