Sophistical Refutations (Greek:Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι,romanized: Sophistikoi Elenchoi;Latin:De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text inAristotle'sOrganon in which he identified twelve or thirteenfallacies. According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject ofdeductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.). In it, he attempts to develop a pattern of sound and genuine reasoning in opposition to the deceptive or misleading "art ofsophistry".

On Sophistical Refutations^[1][2] consists of 34 chapters. The book naturally falls in two parts: chapters concerned with tactics for the Questioner (3–8 and 12–15) and chapters concerned with tactics for the Answerer (16–32). Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).^[3]

The fallacies Aristotle identifies in Chapter 4 (formal fallacies) and 5 (informal fallacies) of this book are the following:

Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (in dictionem):

1. Equivocation
2. Amphiboly
3. Composition
4. Division
5. Accent
6. Figure of speech or form of expression

Fallacies not in the language or informal fallacies (extra dictionem):

• Gysembergh, Victor (2023).Forgotten Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle's Sphistical Refutations: Fragments of Aspasios, Herminos, Alexander, Syrianos and Philoponos. Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN 9783111332666.

• Works related toSophistical Refutations at Wikisource
• HTML Greek text viaGreco interattivo
• Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge
• Sophistical Elenchi public domain audiobook atLibriVox
• ChangingMinds.org: "Aristotle's 13 fallacies"
• Parry, William T.; Hacker, Edward A. (1991),Aristotelian Logic, SUNY Press, p. 435,ISBN 978-0-7914-0690-8

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