Asignal generator is one of a class ofelectronic devices that generates electrical signals with set properties of amplitude, frequency, and wave shape. These generated signals are used as a stimulus for electronic measurements, typically used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices, though it often has artistic uses as well.[1]
There are many different types of signal generators with different purposes and applications and at varying levels of expense. These types includefunction generators, RF and microwave signal generators, pitch generators,arbitrary waveform generators,digital pattern generators, and frequency generators. In general, no device is suitable for all possible applications.
A signal generator may be as simple as an oscillator with calibrated frequency and amplitude. More general-purpose signal generators allow control of all the characteristics of a signal. Modern general-purpose signal generators will have a microprocessor control and may also permit control from a personal computer. Signal generators may be free-standing self-contained instruments, or may be incorporated into more complex automatic test systems.
In June 1928, theGeneral Radio 403 was the first commercial signal generator ever marketed. It supported a frequency range of 500 Hz to 1.5 MHz.[2] Also, in April 1929, the first commercial frequency standard was marketed by General Radio with a frequency of 50 KHz.[3]
Afunction generator is a device which produces simple repetitivewaveforms. Such devices contain anelectronic oscillator, acircuit that is capable of creating a repetitivewaveform. (Modern devices may usedigital signal processing to synthesize waveforms, followed by adigital-to-analog converter, or DAC, to produce an analog output.) The most common waveform is asine wave, butsawtooth, step (pulse),square, andtriangular waveform oscillators are commonly available as arearbitrary waveform generators (AWGs). If the oscillator operates above the human hearing range (>20 kHz), the generator will often include some sort ofmodulation function such asamplitude modulation (AM),frequency modulation (FM), orphase modulation (PM) as well as a second oscillator that provides anaudio frequency modulation waveform.
An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG or ARB) is a sophisticated signal generator that generates arbitrary waveforms within published limits offrequency range, accuracy, and output level. Unlike a function generator that produces a small set of specific waveforms, an AWG allows the user to specify a source waveform in a variety of different ways. An AWG is generally more expensive than a function generator and often has less bandwidth. An AWG is used in higher-end design and test applications.
RF (radio frequency) andmicrowave signal generators are used for testing components, receivers and test systems in a wide variety of applications including cellular communications,WiFi,WiMAX,GPS, audio and video broadcasting, satellite communications,radar andelectronic warfare. RF and microwave signal generators normally have similar features and capabilities, but are differentiated by frequency range. RF signal generators typically range from a few kHz to 6 GHz, while microwave signal generators cover a much wider frequency range, from less than 1 MHz to at least 20 GHz. Some models go as high as 70 GHz with a direct coaxial output, and up to hundreds of GHz when used with external waveguide multiplier modules. RF and microwave signal generators can be classified further as analog or vector signal generators.
Analog signal generators based on a sine-wave oscillator were common before the inception of digital electronics, and are still used. There was a sharp distinction in purpose and design of radio-frequency and audio-frequency signal generators.
RF signal generators producecontinuous wave radio frequency signals of defined, adjustable, amplitude and frequency. Many models offer various types of analog modulation, either as standard equipment or as an optional capability to the base unit. This could includeAM,FM,ΦM (phase modulation) andpulse modulation. A common feature is anattenuator to vary the signal’s output power. Depending on the manufacturer and model, output powers can range from −135 to +30 dBm. A wide range of output power is desirable, since different applications require different amounts of signal power. For example, if a signal has to travel through a very long cable out to an antenna, a high output signal may be needed to overcome the losses through the cable and still have sufficient power at the antenna. But when testing receiver sensitivity, a low signal level is required to see how the receiver behaves under low signal-to-noise conditions.
RF signal generators are available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments, embeddable modules and in card-level formats. Mobile, field-testing and airborne applications benefit from lighter, battery-operated platforms. In automated and production testing, web-browser access, which allows multi-source control, and faster frequency switching speeds improve test times and throughput.
RF signal generators are required for servicing and setting upradio receivers, and are used for professional RF applications.
RF signal generators are characterized by their frequency bands, power capabilities (−100 to +25 dBc), single side band phase noise at various carrier frequencies, spurs and harmonics, frequency and amplitude switching speeds and modulation capabilities.
Audio-frequency signal generators generate signals in the audio-frequency range and above. An early example was theHP200A audio oscillator, the first product sold by theHewlett-Packard Company in 1939. Applications include checking frequency response of audio equipment, and many uses in the electronic laboratory.
Equipmentdistortion can be measured using a very-low-distortion audio generator as the signal source, with appropriate equipment to measure output distortion harmonic-by-harmonic with awave analyser, or simplytotal harmonic distortion. A distortion of 0.0001% can be achieved by an audio signal generator with a relatively simple circuit.[4]
With the advent of digital communications systems, it is no longer possible to adequately test these systems with traditional analog signal generators. This has led to the development of the vector signal generator, which is also known as a digital signal generator. These signal generators are capable of generating digitally-modulated radio signals that may use any of a large number ofdigital modulation formats such asQAM,QPSK,FSK,BPSK, andOFDM. In addition, since modern commercial digital communication systems are almost all based on well-defined industry standards, many vector signal generators can generate signals based on these standards. Examples includeGSM,W-CDMA (UMTS),CDMA2000,LTE,Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), andWiMAX (IEEE 802.16). In contrast, military communication systems such asJTRS, which place a great deal of importance on robustness and information security, typically use very proprietary methods. To test these types of communication systems, users will often create their own custom waveforms and download them into the vector signal generator to create the desired test signal.
A logic signal generator or data pattern generator ordigital pattern generator produces logic signals—that is, logical 1s and 0s in the form of conventional voltage levels. The usual voltage standards areLVTTL andLVCMOS.It is different from a "pulse/pattern generator", which refers to signal generators able to generate logic pulses with different analog characteristics (such as pulse rise/fall time, high level length, ...).
A digital pattern generator is used as stimulus source for digital integrated circuits and embedded systems - for functional validation and testing.
In addition to the above general-purpose devices, there are several classes of signal generators designed for specific applications.
A pitch generator is a type of signal generator optimized for use inaudio andacoustics applications. Pitch generators typically include sine waves over the human hearing range (20Hz to 20 kHz). Sophisticated pitch generators will also include sweep generators (a function which varies the output frequency over a range, in order to make frequency-domain measurements), multipitch generators (which output several pitches simultaneously, and are used to check forintermodulation distortion and other non-linear effects), and tone bursts (used to measure response to transients). Pitch generators are typically used in conjunction withsound level meters, when measuring the acoustics of a room or a sound reproduction system, and/or with oscilloscopes or specialized audio analyzers.
Many pitch generators operate in thedigital domain, producing output in various digital audio formats such asAES3, orSPDIF. Such generators may include special signals to stimulate various digital effects and problems, such asclipping,jitter,bit errors; they also often provide ways to manipulate themetadata associated with digital audio formats.
The termsynthesizer is used for a device that generates audio signals for music, or that uses slightly more intricate methods.
Computer programs can be used to generate arbitrary waveforms on a general-purpose computer and output the waveform via an output interface. Such programs may be provided commercially or be freeware. Simple systems use a standard computersound card as output device, limiting the accuracy of the output waveform and limiting frequency to lie within theaudio-frequency band.
A video signal generator is a device which outputs predetermined video and/or television waveforms, and other signals used to stimulate faults in, or aid in parametric measurements of, television and video systems. There are several different types of video signal generators in widespread use. Regardless of the specific type, the output of a video generator will generally containsynchronization signals appropriate for television, including horizontal and vertical sync pulses (in analog) or sync words (in digital). Generators ofcomposite video signals (such asNTSC andPAL) will also include acolorburst signal as part of the output. Video signal generators are available for a wide variety of applications and for a wide variety of digital formats; many of these also include audio generation capability (as the audio track is an important part of any video or television program or motion picture).
Experimenter - Issue Vol. IV, No. 10
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
