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Ashofar (/ʃoʊˈfɑːr/[1]shoh-FAR; fromשׁוֹפָר,pronounced[ʃoˈfar]ⓘ) is an ancient musicalhorn, typically aram'shorn, used forJewish ritual purposes. Like the modernbugle, the shofar lackspitch-altering devices, with all pitch control done by the player's varying theirembouchure. The shofar is blown insynagogue services onRosh Hashanah and at the end ofYom Kippur; it is also blown every weekday morning in the month ofElul running up to Rosh Hashanah.[2] Shofars come in a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the choice of animal and level of finish.[3]
The shofar is mentioned frequently in theHebrew Bible, theTalmud andrabbinic literature. In the first instance, inExodus 19, the blast of a shofar emanating from the thick cloud onMount Sinai makes theIsraelites tremble in awe.
The shofar was used to announce the new moon[4] and theJubilee year.[5] The first day ofTishrei (now known asRosh Hashana) is termed a "memorial of blowing",[6] or "day of blowing",[7] the shofar. Shofars were used for signifying the start of a war.[8] They were also employed in processions[9] as musical accompaniment,[10] and were inserted into the temple orchestra byDavid.[11] Note that the "trumpets" described in Numbers 10 are a different instrument, described by the Hebrew word for 'trumpet' (Hebrew:חצוצרה,romanized: ḥaṣoṣrah), notshofar (Hebrew:שופר).[12]
In theTemple in Jerusalem, the shofar was sometimes used together with thetrumpet. On Rosh Hashana, the principal ceremony was conducted with the shofar, with the instrument placed in the center with a trumpet on either side; it was the horn of aibex (a type of wild goat) and straight in shape, being ornamented with gold at themouthpiece. On fast days, the principal ceremony was conducted with the trumpets in the center and with a shofar on either side. On those occasions, the shofarot wererams' horns curved in shape and ornamented with silver at the mouthpieces.[13]
On Yom Kippur of thejubilee year, the ceremony was performed with the shofar as on New Year's Day.[14] Shofar first indicated in Yovel (Jubilee Year—Lev. 25:8–13). Indeed, in Rosh Hashanah 33b, the sages ask why the Shofar sounded in Jubilee year. Rosh Hashanah 29a indicates that in ordinary years both Shofars and trumpets are sounded but in the Jubilee Year only the Shofar blasts. The Rabbis created the practice of the Shofar's sounding every Yom Kippur rather than just on the Jubilee Year (once in 50 years).[15]
Otherwise, for all other special days, the Shofar is sounded shorter and two special silver Trumpets announced the sacrifice. When the trumpets sound the signal, all the people who were within the Temple complex prostrate themselves, stretching out flat, face down, and on the ground.[citation needed]
The shofar was blown in the times ofJoshua to help him captureJericho. As they surrounded the walls, the shofar was blown and the Jews were able to capture the city.[16] The shofar was commonly taken out to war so the troops would know when a battle would begin. The person who would blow the shofar would call out to the troops from atop a hill. All of the troops were able to hear the call of the shofar from their position because of its distinct sound.[citation needed]
While the shofar is best known nowadays for its use onRosh Hashana, it also has a number of other ritual uses. It is blown each morning (and in some communities in the afternoon as well) during the month ofElul,[18] and to mark the end of the day of fasting on Yom Kippur, once the services have been completed in the evening.[19]
In Talmudic times the shofar was also blown to introduceShabbat.[20] It was also used both to initiate and dissolve aHerem.[21]
At the inception of thediaspora, during the short-lived ban on playing musical instruments, the shofar was enhanced in its use, as a sign of mourning for the destruction of the temple. The declaration of the ban's source was in fact set to the music itself as the lamentation "Al Naharoth Bavel" within a few centuries of the ban. (A full orchestra played in the temple. The ban was so that this would not be taken for granted, hence the wording of the ban, "if I forget thee, O Jerusalem, over my chiefest joy...".)[citation needed] The shofar is generally no longer used for secular purposes (see a notable exception in a sectionfurther down).[22]
Halakha (Jewish law) rules that the Rosh Hashana shofar blasts may not be sounded on Shabbat, due to the potential that theba'al tekiah (shofar sounder) may inadvertently carry it, which is in aclass of forbidden Shabbat work.[23] Some explain this prohibition as stemming from the spiritual effects of the shofar which are matched by the spiritual energy of Shabbat, making Shofar blowing unnecessary[24][better source needed]. Originally, the shofar was sounded on Shabbat in theTemple in Jerusalem. After the temple's destruction, the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was restricted to the place where the greatSanhedrin was located. However, when the Sanhedrin ceased to exist, the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was discontinued.[25]
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The Sages indicated that themitzvah was to hear the sounds of the shofar. The sages received the tradition to derive from the three times the blowing of the Shofar is mentioned in the Torah in association with the high holidays, that the Shofar must be sounded three times. Customarily, each complex sound would be preceded and succeeded by a simple, straight sound, totalling nine sounds. Due to confusion whether the main complex sound was a series of three shortened sounds, nine staccato blast, or possibly a combination of both, all three were formed into independent series of 9, 9, and 12 sounds respectively. This is the main obligation of Shofar on Rosh Hashanah.[26][better source needed]
There are many reasons cited for this Mitzvah. The most famous list was compiled by the medieval sageSaadia Gaon, cited inAbudraham.[27]
If a shofar was blown into a pit or cave, one fulfilled the mitzvah if they heard the original sound, but not if they heard the echo.[29] Thus, most modern halakhic authorities hold that hearing a shofar on the radio or the Internet would not be valid to satisfy the mitzvah because "electronically reproduced sounds do not suffice for mitzvot that require hearing a specific natural sound.... However, one should consult a competent rabbi if an unusually pressing situation arises, as some authorities believe that performing mitzvot through electronically reproduced sound is preferable to not performing them at all."[30]
According toJewish law women and minors are exempt from the commandment of hearing the shofar blown (as is the case with any positive, time-bound commandment), but they are encouraged to attend the ceremony.
If theba'al tekiah (shofar sounder) blows with the intention that all who hear will perform the mitzvah, then anyone listening—even someone passing by—who intends to hear the Shofar can perform the mitzvah because the community blower blows for everybody. If the listener stands still, it is presumed he intends to hear.[31] If one hears the blast but with no intention of fulfilling the mitzvah, then the mitzvah has not been fulfilled.
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The expert who blows (or "blasts" or "sounds") the shofar is termed theba'al tokeah orba'al tekiah (lit. "master of the blast"). Being aba'al tekiah is an honor. Every male Jew is eligible for this sacred office, providing he is acceptable to the congregation. The one who blows the shofar on Rosh Hashanah should be learned in the Torah and shall be God-fearing.
The Shulchan Aruch discusses who is fit to blow the shofar on behalf of a congregation:
According to the Talmud, a shofar may be made from the horn of any animal from theBovidae family except that of a cow,[34] although a ram is preferable.[35] Bovidae horns are made of a layer ofkeratin (the same material as human toenails and fingernails) around a core of bone, with a layer of cartilage in between, which can be removed to leave the hollow keratin horn. Anantler, on the other hand, is made of solid bone, so an antler cannot be used as a shofar because it cannot be hollowed out.
There is no requirement for ritual slaughter (shechita). Theoretically, the horn can come from a non-kosher animal, because under most (but not all) interpretations of Jewish law, the shofar is not required to bemuttar be-fikha ('permissible in your mouth'); themitzvah is hearing the shofar, not eating the animal it came from.[36] The shofar falls into the category oftashmishei mitzvah – objects used to perform a mitzvah that do not themselves have inherent holiness.[37] Moreover, because horn is always inedible, it is consideredafra be-alma ('mere dust') and not a non-kosher substance.[38]
The Elef Hamagen (586:5) delineates the order of preference: 1) curved ram; 2) curved other sheep; 3) curved other animal; 4) straight—ram or otherwise; 5) non-kosher animal; 6) cow. The first four categories are used with abracha (blessing), the fifth without abracha, and the last, not at all.[39]
In practice, two species are generally used: theAshkenazi andSefardi shofar is made from the horn of a domesticram, while aYemeni shofar is made from the horn of akudu. A Moroccan shofar is flat, with a single, broad curve. A crack or hole in the shofar affecting the sound renders it unfit for ceremonial use. A shofar may not be painted in colors, but it may be carved with artistic designs.[40] Shofars (especially the Sephardi shofars) are sometimes plated with silver across part of their length for artistic display purposes, although this invalidates them for use in religious ritual practices.[41]
The horn is flattened and shaped by the application of heat, which softens it. A hole is made from the tip of the horn to the natural hollow inside. It is played much like a Europeanbrass instrument, with the player blowing through the hole while buzzing the lips, causing the air column inside to vibrate.Sephardi shofars do usually have a carved mouthpiece resembling that of a Europeantrumpet orFrench horn, but smaller. Ashkenazi shofars do not.
Because the hollow of the shofar is irregular in shape, theharmonics obtained when playing the instrument can vary: rather than a pure perfect fifth,intervals as narrow as a fourth, or as wide as a sixth may be produced.
The shofar is used mainly onRosh Hashanah. It is customary to blow the shofar 100 or 101 times on each day ofRosh Hashanah; however, as mentioned, the main obligation is 30 sounds. The remaining seventy consist of 60 during the Mussaf prayer broken down into ten after each of three main themes of the Rosh Hashanah services; crowning God as king, beseeching God to remember us, and bringing up the theme of Shofar blasts from different places in the Bible, and repeated during the repetition of the Mussaf prayer. The last 10 are added after the Mussaf prayer, totalling 100 blasts. The various types of blast are known astekiah,shevarim, andteruah. The 30 required blasts consist of the sequencestekiah-shevarim-teruah-tekiah,tekiah-shevarim-tekiah,tekiah-teruah-tekiah, each sequence repeated three times.
The shofar is also blown in synagogue at the conclusion ofYom Kippur. Some only blow atekiah gedolah; others blowtekiah-shevarim-teruah-tekiah.
Because of its inherent ties to the Days of Repentance and the inspiration that comes along with hearing its piercing blasts, the shofar is also blown after weekday morning services (in some communities, also at weekday afternoon services) for the entire month ofElul, the last month of the Jewish civil year, preceding Rosh Hashana. It is not blown on the last day of Elul (in some communities, the last 3 days of Elul), however, to mark the difference between the voluntary blasts of the month and the mandatory blasts of Rosh Hashana. Shofar blasts are also used in some communities during penitential rituals such asYom Kippur Katan and optional prayer services called during times of communal distress. The exact modes of sounding can vary from location to location.
In an effort to improve the skills of shofar blowers, an International Day of Shofar Study is observed onRosh Chodesh Elul, the start of the month preceding Rosh Hashanah.[42]
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The Public Shofar Campaign is aChabad-Lubavitch innovation launched bythe Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, in 1953, just prior to Rosh Hashanah of that year (September 10). It was introduced as the firstpublic mitzvah campaign designed to bring Jewish observance to individuals "wherever they are". The campaign served as a pilot program and a forerunner for subsequent mitzvah campaigns.
The campaign began on the streets of Brooklyn, N.Y., led by young rabbinical students from the Lubavitcheryeshiva. These students visited street corners, parks, and Jewish stores throughout Brooklyn. The primary early focus was ensuring those who could not attend synagogue had the opportunity to hear the shofar, especially patients in hospitals like St. John’s and Kings County Hospital.
While initially informal, the campaign came under the aegis of theLubavitch Youth Organization of New York after its founding in 1955. Beginning in the late 1950s, the practice spread globally, carried by guests from Israel and around the world traveling to New York. The campaign was subsequently brought to Israel, Miami Beach, Detroit, and Milan. By the early 1970s, Chabad in California was bringing the Shofar Campaign to 15 hospitals. Local Chicago efforts began around 1967 in Skokie, eventually expanding to serve both hospital patients and the homebound. This effort spread beyond adherents of the Chabad movement with young men from other Jewish communities taking to the streets to help out other Jews.
In 1975, the Rebbe expanded the campaign to include the entire month of Elul. Furthermore, he emphasized reaching isolated soldiers (including the Israeli military) and Jews incarcerated in correctional facilities, leading to prisons like Sing Sing and the Federal Correctional Complex at Allenwood, Pa., being added to the itinerary. Today, the Shofar Campaign continues to operate in public parks, prisons, nursing homes, hospitals, and on intersections globally, including Jerusalem, Moscow, Los Angeles, and Brooklyn. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the practice proved crucial, with Chabad organizing extensive public shofar events, such as 22 street corner blowings in Skokie, Illinois, and several more in other areas of Chicago, such as Rogers park and Lakeview.[43][better source needed]
During theOttoman and theBritish rule ofJerusalem, Jews were not allowed to sound the shofar at theWestern Wall.[citation needed] After theSix-Day War, RabbiShlomo Goren famously approached the Wall and sounded the shofar. This fact inspiredNaomi Shemer to add an additional line to her song "Jerusalem of Gold", saying, "a shofar calls out from the Temple Mount in the Old City."[44]
The Shofar has been sounded as a sign of victory and celebration. Jewish elders were photographed blowing multiple shofars after hearing that the Nazis surrendered on 8 May 1945. The shofar has played a major role in the pro-Israel movement and often played in theSalute to Israel Parade and other pro-Israel demonstrations.
In the inauguration ceremony of thePresident of Israel, a shofar is blown once the President has been sworn in, followed by a call of "Long live the President".[45][46]
An American group called Shofar Army, described by outsiders asChristian nationalists, have adopted the use of the shofar into their activities.[47]
In pop music, the shofar is used by the IsraeliOriental metal bandSalem in their adaptation of "Al Taster" (Psalm 27). The late trumpeterLester Bowie played a shofar with theArt Ensemble of Chicago. In the film version of the musicalGodspell, the first act opens with cast memberDavid Haskell blowing the shofar. In his performances, Israeli composer and singerShlomo Gronich uses the shofar to produce a wide range of notes.[48] Since 1988, Rome-based American composerAlvin Curran's projectShofar features the shofar as a virtuoso solo instrument and in combination with sets of natural and electronic sounds.Madonna used a shofar played byYitzhak Sinwani on theConfessions Tour and the albumConfessions on a Dance Floor for the song "Isaac", based onIm Nin'alu. In 2003, TheHoward Stern Show featured a contest called "Blow the Shofar", which asked callers to correctly identify popular songs played on the shofar. Additionally, Stern Show writerBenjy Bronk has repeatedly used a shofar in his antics.[49] The shofar is sometimes used inWestern classical music.Edward Elgar'soratorioThe Apostles includes the sound of a shofar, although other instruments, such as theflugelhorn, are usually used instead.
The shofar has been used in a number of films, both as a sound effect and as part of musical underscores.Elmer Bernstein incorporated the shofar into several cues for his score forCecil B. DeMille'sThe Ten Commandments; one of the shofar calls recorded by Bernstein was later reused by the sound editors forReturn of the Jedi for the Ewoks' horn calls.[citation needed]Jerry Goldsmith's scores to the filmsAlien andPlanet of the Apes also incorporate the shofar in their orchestration.
The physical demands of sustaining pressurized blowing through anembouchure may be associated withhealth risks for the player caused by holding the instrument, pressing the shofar against lips, and the pressurized exhalation needed to produce and sustain blowing pressure.[50][51][52] During the COVID-19 epidemic, there was considerable discussion of risks and mitigation measures relating to respiratory transmission of infectious disease though the use of the shofar in communal settings.
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