| Shaftesbury | |
|---|---|
 High Street | |
 Coat of Arms of Shaftesbury | |
  Shaftesbury Location withinDorset | |
| Population | 9,162 (2021 census)[1] |
| OS grid reference | ST861228 |
| • London | 97 miles |
| Civil parish |
|
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SHAFTESBURY |
| Postcode district | SP7 |
| Dialling code | 01747 |
| Police | Dorset |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| UK Parliament | |
| 51°00′21″N2°11′49″W / 51.0059°N 2.1969°W /51.0059; -2.1969 | |
Shaftesbury (/ˈʃɑːftsbəri,ˈʃæfts-/) is a town andcivil parish inDorset, England. It is on theA30 road, 20 miles (32 kilometres) west ofSalisbury and 23 miles (37 kilometres) north-northeast ofDorchester, near the border withWiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres (705 feet)above sea level on agreensand hill on the edge ofCranborne Chase.
The town looks over theBlackmore Vale, part of theRiver Stour basin.
Shaftesbury is the site of the formerShaftesbury Abbey, which was founded in 888 byKing Alfred and became one of the richest religious establishments in the country, before being destroyed in thedissolution in 1539. Adjacent to the abbey site isGold Hill, a steepcobbled street used in the 1970s as the setting forRidley Scott's television advertisement forHovis bread.
In the2021 census the town's civil parish had a population of 9,162.[1]
Shaftesbury has acquired a number of names throughout its history. Writing in 1906,Sir Frederick Treves referred to four of these names from Celtic, Latin and English traditions in his bookHighways & Byways in Dorset:
The city has had many names. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour. By the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, called itself Sophonia. Lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to "Shaston".
— Sir Frederick Treves,Highways & Byways in Dorset (1906)[2]
The originalCeltic name is first recorded inMedieval Welsh literature asCaer Vynnydd y Paladr (The Mountain Fort/City of the Spears)[3] andThomas Gale records the name asCaer Palladour in his work of 1709.[4] Though "Palladour" was described by one 19th-century directory as "mere invention", it has continued to be used as a poetic and alternative name for the town.[5]
The Roman name was probablyMelezo,[6] mentioned in theRavenna Cosmography and interesting as containing an element M-vowel-L possibly left over from the speech of early European farmers.
The English name was recorded in theDomesday Book of 1086 asSceptesberie,[7] and the use of "Shaston" (/ˈʃæstən/) was recorded in 1831 in Samuel Lewis'sA Topographical Dictionary of England[8] and in 1840 inThe Parliamentary Gazetteer of England and Wales.[9]
Thomas Hardy used both "Shaston" and "Palladour" to refer to the town in the fictionalWessex of his novels such asJude the Obscure.[10]
There is no substantive evidence that Shaftesbury was the "Caer Palladur" (or "Caer Palladwr") of Celtic and Roman times, and instead the town's recorded history dates fromAnglo-Saxon times.[11] By the early eighth century there was an important minster church here,[12] and in 880Alfred the Great founded aburgh (fortified settlement) here as a defence in the struggle with theDanish invaders.[13] The burgh is recorded in the early-10th-centuryBurghal Hidage as one of only three that existed in the county (the others being atWareham and 'Bredy' – which is probablyBridport).[12]
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In 888 Alfred foundedShaftesbury Abbey, aBenedictinenunnery by the town's east gate, and appointed his daughter Ethelgifu as the firstabbess.[14]Æthelstan founded two royal mints,[15] which struck pennies bearing the town's name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. On 20 February 981 the relics of StEdward the Martyr, the teenage King of England, were transferred from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony, thereafter turning Shaftesbury into a major site of pilgrimage for miracles of healing.
King Canute died here in 1035, though he was buried atWinchester.[15]Edward the Confessor licensed a third mint for the town.[15] By the time of theNorman conquest in 1066 Shaftesbury had 257 houses, though many were destroyed in the ensuing years of conflict, and by the time theDomesday Book was compiled twenty years later, there were only 177 houses remaining, though this still meant that Shaftesbury was the largest town in Dorset at that time.[16] In thefirst English civil war (1135–1154) betweenEmpress Matilda andKing Stephen, anadulterine castle or fortified house was built on a smallpromontory at the western edge of the hill on which the old town was built. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is ascheduled monument.[17]
In 1240 CardinalOtto of Tonengo, legate to theApostolic See ofPope Gregory IX visited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. During theMiddle Ages the abbey was the central focus of the town; the abbey's great wealth was acknowledged in a popular saying at the time, which stated that "If the abbot of Glastonbury could marry the abbess of Shaftesbury their heir would hold more land than the king of England".[18] In 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a recognised figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392Richard II confirmed a grant of two markets on different days. Edwardstowe, Shaftesbury's oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539. Also in this period a medieval farm owned by the Abbess of Shaftesbury was established, on a site now occupied by the Tesco supermarket car park.
In 1539, the last Abbess of Shaftesbury,Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the (by then extremely wealthy) abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town.Sir Thomas Arundell purchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to Pembroke thenAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors.
Shaftesbury was a parliamentary constituency returning two members from 1296 to theReform Act of 1832, when it was reduced to one, and in 1884 the separate constituency was abolished.
InSurvey of Dorsetshire, written in about 1630 by Thomas Gerard of the Dorset village ofTrent, Shaftesbury is described as a "faire Thorough Faire, much frequented by Travellers to and from London".[19]
The town was broadly Parliamentarian in theCivil War, but was in Royalist hands.Wardour Castle fell to Parliamentary forces in 1643; Parliamentary forces surrounded the town in August 1645, when it was a centre of localclubmen activity. The clubmen were arrested and sent to trial inSherborne. Shaftesbury took no part in theMonmouth Rebellion of 1685.
In the 17th century the cloth industry formed part of Shaftesbury's economy, though much of the actual production took place as acottage industry in the surrounding area. In the 18th century the town produced a coarse white woollen cloth called 'swanskin', that was used by fishermen ofNewfoundland and for uniforms.[20]Buttonmaking also became important around this time, though with the later advent ofindustrialisation this subsequently declined, resulting in unemployment, starvation and emigration, with 350 families leaving for Canada.[21]Malting andbrewing were also significant in the 17th and 18th centuries, and like other Dorset towns such asDorchester andBlandford Forum, Shaftesbury became known for its beer.[22]
The railways however bypassed the town, which had consequences for Shaftesbury's economy; during the 19th century the town's brewing industry was reduced to serving only local markets, as towns elsewhere in the country could transport their produce more cheaply.[22] During the 19th century the population of the town grew little.[23] The population was 3,170 by the time of the 1841 census.[24]
The town hall was built in 1837 byEarl Grosvenor after the guildhall was pulled down to widen High Street. It has been designated byEnglish Heritage as a Grade II listed building.[25]Shaftesbury Town Hall is next to the 15th-century St Peter's Church which is Grade II* listed.[26] TheWestminster Memorial Hospital was constructed on Bimport in the mid-19th century with a legacy from the wife of theDuke of Westminster.[27][page needed]
In 1918 Lord Stalbridge, 2nd Baron Stalbridge, Hugh Grosvenor, sold a large portion of the town, which was purchased by a syndicate and auctioned piece by piece over three days.[28] The entire Stalbridge Estate of some 13,500 acres was sold and the title became extinct with the death of Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Stalbridge in 1949. His only son and heir had been killed in a flying accident in 1930.
Most of Shaftesbury's buildings date from no earlier than the 18th century, as theSaxon and most of the medieval buildings have not survived.
In theUnited Kingdom national parliament, Shaftesbury is in theNorth Dorset parliamentary constituency, represented since 2015 bySimon Hoare of theConservative Party.[29] In local government, Shaftesbury is administered byDorset Council (aunitary authority) and Shaftesbury Town Council,[30] which has responsibilities that include open spaces and recreational facilities, allotments, litter, street markets, public conveniences, grants to voluntary organisations, cemetery provision, bus shelters, crime prevention initiatives, civic events and the town hall, planning (as a consultee) and the war memorial.[31]
Shaftesbury is covered by an electoral ward called Shaftesbury Town, which elects two members to Dorset Council.[32] Prior tochanges in 2019, the town elected one member ofDorset County Council[33] and four members ofNorth Dorset District Council.[34]
The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointingpromontory of high ground in northeast Dorset, on thescarp edge of a range of hills that extend south and east intoCranborne Chase and neighbouringWiltshire.[35][36] The town's built-up area extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across thewatershed towards the hill's dip slope.[35] Shaftesbury's altitude is between about 165 metres (541 feet) at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about 235 m (771 ft) at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about 215 m (705 ft).[35] Below the town to the west is theBlackmore Vale, which undulates between about 60 and 110 m (200 and 360 ft).[37] About 2 mi (3 km) west of the town and within the Blackmore Vale is the conical mound ofDuncliffe Hill, visible for miles and home to Duncliffe Wood and a nature reserve. The countryside east of the town is part of theCranborne Chase and West Wiltshire DownsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[38]
Geologically, Shaftesbury's hill mostly comprisesUpper Greensand, which is overlain by LowerChalk in the east. These date from theCretaceous, with the greensand having been formed in theAlbian and earlyCenomanian, and the chalk also in the Cenomanian. The greensand is composed of threebeds: the oldest and lowest is a layer of Cann Sand, which is found in the lower parts of the town, such as St James and Alcester, that are below the promontory; above this is a layer of Shaftesbury Sandstone, which generally forms the steepest slopes around the promontory, and on top of this is a layer of Boyne Hollow Chert, which is found on top of the hill and on which most of the town is built. Below the Cann Sand, on the lower slopes of the hill to the north, west and south of the town, are extensive landslip deposits.[39]
In 2012 there were 3,400 people employed in Shaftesbury, 65% of whom were working full-time and 35% part-time.[40] Excluding agriculture, the most important employment sectors were public administration, education and health (31% of non-agricultural employment), production and construction (29%), and distribution, accommodation and food (26%).[40] Significant employers includeDorset County Council,Pork Farms,Guys Marsh Prison,Royal Mail,Tesco,Port Regis School, Wessex Electricals, Stalbridge Linen Services, Blackmore Press andDorset Chilled Foods.[40] There are two industrial estates in the town: Longmead Industrial Estate, covering 7.7 hectares (19 acres), and Wincombe Business Park, covering 6.5 hectares (16 acres).[40]
In 2005 there were 75 shops in the town, with a total floorspace of 7,200 square metres (78,000 sq ft). The retail catchment area for major food shopping extends about4+1⁄2 mi (7 km) in all directions. Nationalretail chains with a presence in the town includethe Body Shop,Boots, Somerfield,Superdrug, Tesco andWHSmith.[40]
A site has been identified for a projected parkway station on theWest of England main railway line. It would be situated to the north of the town, beneath the A350 road, and a bus service would connect it with the town.[citation needed] Currently the nearest railway station is located in neighbouringGillingham.
In the2011 census Shaftesbury's civil parish had 3,493 dwellings,[41] 3,235 households and a population of 7,314.[42] The average age of inhabitants was 43, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 22.1% of inhabitants were age 65 or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.[43] 92% of Shaftesbury's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to 86.2% for England as a whole.[44] Previous census figures for the total population of the civil parish are shown in the table below:
| Census Population of Shaftesbury Parish 1921—2021(except 1941) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census | 1921 | 1931 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 | ||||
| Population | *1,812 | *2,819 | *3,303 | 3,372 | 3,980 | 3,940 | 6,180 | 6,680 | 7,314 | 9,162 | ||||
| Asterisks (*) indicate a boundary change Source:Dorset County Council[45] | ||||||||||||||
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Shaftesbury Arts Centre was established in 1957 and stages a variety of exhibitions, performances, workshops and training courses. It is based in the old covered market in the town centre and is a charitable company that is run wholly by its volunteer members.[46][non-primary source needed]
Shaftesbury has two museums: Gold Hill Museum at the top of Gold Hill, and Shaftesbury Abbey Museum in the abbey grounds.[21][47] Gold Hill Museum was founded in 1946 and displays many artefacts that relate to the history of Shaftesbury and the surrounding area, including Dorset's oldest fire engine, dating from 1744.[21] Shaftesbury Abbey Museum tells the story of the abbey and also has a herb garden and medieval orchard.[47]
Shaftesbury Snowdrops is a Diamond Jubilee Community Legacy with the aim of creating a series of free and accessiblesnowdrop walks by planting snowdrops within the publicly open spaces and along the pathways throughout the town. The project was started in the winter of 2012 with the planting of 60,000 bulbs.[48] Since 2013 there has been an annual Snowdrop Festival to encourage tourists to see the snowdrops in flower.[49] Highlights of the festival include the Snowdrop Art Exhibition[50] and the Snowdrop Lantern Parade.[51] In 2014 Shaftesbury Snowdrops started a heritage collection of rare and unusual snowdrops.[52] These are held in trust for the people of Shaftesbury and displayed in Shaftesbury Abbey during the annual Snowdrop Festival. The collection is being built through sponsorship and donations.
Gold Hill Fair usually occurs in the first weekend of July and has food stalls, arts stalls and local music that can be found in the abbey ruins.[53]
In 2016, Shaftesbury's first open arts fringe festival was organised and has since grown to become one of the key fringe festivals in the country. The fringe is always held on the first weekend in July and attracts an eccentric mix of performers from local singers to celebrity comics heading for Edinburgh.
Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC West andITV West Country. Television signals are received fromMendip transmitting station.[55]
Shaftesbury's local radio stations areBBC Radio Solent,Vale FM, andHeart West. The town is home to a volunteer-runcommunity radio station, Alfred, broadcasting local news, speech programming and music on 107.3 FM and online.[56][57] It was awarded anOfcom licence in 2020, having grown from a weekly podcast which went daily during theCOVID-19 pandemic.[58] The podcast won the gold award in the community radio awards in 2021.[59]
Thomas Hardy used the namesShaston orPalladour to describe Shaftesbury in the fictionalWessex of his novels. InJude the Obscure he described the loss of the town's former architectural glories, principally the abbey:[60]
Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansions—all now ruthlessly swept away—throw the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy, which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel.
— Thomas Hardy,Jude the Obscure
In the 1970sRidley Scott usedGold Hill, a steep cobbled street in the town, as the setting for a television advertisement forHovis bread, in which a bread delivery boy is seen pushing his bicycle up the street before freewheeling back down. The advertisement made the street nationally famous.[21]
Shaftesbury is served by theA30, betweenSalisbury andYeovil, and theA350, which connectsPoole andChippenham. The town is 7 miles (11 km) south of the mainA303 trunk road betweenLondon andSouth West England.[citation needed]
Shaftesbury has never had a direct railway connection. The challenging topography likely played a significant role in this,[citation needed] as constructing a railway up the steep slopes would have been difficult and costly. In 1859, theSalisbury and Yeovil Railway established a station atSemley,2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) north of Shaftesbury. This station allowed residents and visitors to access the broader railway network.
Semley station closed in theBeeching cuts of 1966. The closest railway station to Shaftesbury is nowGillingham railway station (Dorset), 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the town, on theWest of England line fromLondon Waterloo to Exeter.[citation needed]
Local bus services connect the town to surrounding villages and towns.
Shaftesbury has anon-League football club,Shaftesbury F.C., who play at Cockrams.[61] The Shaftesbury Lido, an open air swimming pool at Barton Hill, is open during the summer months.[62]
Shaftesbury has a community hospital, opened in 1874 and named Westminster Memorial Hospital in memory of theMarquis of Westminster, whose widow donated the site.[63] The town has a public library operated by Dorset Council.[64]
palladour tess.
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