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Secular state

This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(March 2025)

Asecular state is an idea pertaining tosecularity, whereby astate is or purports to be officiallyneutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion norirreligion.[1] A secular state claims totreat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoidpreferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.[2]

  States with no state religion
  States withstate religion
  Ambiguous states or no data

Although secular states have nostate religion, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular oregalitarian. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular havereligious references in their national anthems and flags,laws that benefit one religion or another, or aremembers of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of theInternational Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance.

Origin and practice

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Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., theSoviet Union, theUnited States) or by it latersecularizing (e.g.,France orNepal). Movements forlaïcité in France andseparation of church and state in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of America being the first explicitly secular government in history. Historically, the process of secularisation typically involves grantingreligious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds being used for religion, freeing the legal system from religious control,freeing up the education system, tolerating citizenswho change religion orabstain from religion, and allowing political leaders to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.[3]

InFrance,Italy, andSpain, for example,official holidays for thepublic administration tend to beChristian feast days. Any private school in France that contracts withÉducation nationale means itsteachers are salaried by the state—most of theCatholic schools are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way.[4] In someEuropean states where secularism confrontsmonoculturalistphilanthropy, some of the mainChristian denominations andsects of other religions depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their religiouscharities.[5] It is common incorporate law andcharity law to prohibitorganized religion from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separateplace of worship or forconversion; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educatedclergy andlaypersons to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect, some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.

Many states that are nowadays secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlierestablished religion. Secularism also has various guises that may coincide with some degree of officialreligiosity. In theUnited Kingdom, thehead of state is still required to take theCoronation Oath enacted in 1688, swearing to maintain theProtestant Reformed religion and to preserve the establishedChurch of England.[6] The UK also maintains seats in theHouse of Lords for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as theLords Spiritual.[7] InCanada theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affords secular freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression, including communication, assembly and association yet theCharter's preamble maintains the concept of "the supremacy of God" which would appear to disadvantage those who holdnontheistic orpolytheistic beliefs, includingAtheism andBuddhism.[8][9] Italy has been a secular state since the enactment of theConstitution in 1948 (stressed by aConstitutional court's decision in 1989),[10] but still recognizes a special status for theCatholic Church. The reverse progression can also occur, however; a state can go from being secular to being areligious state, as in the case ofIran where the secularizedImperial State of Iran was replaced by anIslamic Republic. Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.[11][12]

List of secular states by continent

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This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in theirconstitutions or other official state documents.

Africa

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Americas

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Asia

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Europe

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Oceania

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Transcontinental countries

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Formerly secular states

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Ambiguous countries

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  •   Bangladesh
    • There is constitutional ambiguity whether Bangladesh is a secular country or an Islamic country. In 2010, the high court of Bangladesh reinstated secularism as a part of the Bangladesh constitution after terming the 1977 constitutional amendment done by then Bangladesh PresidentZiaur Rahman as illegal.[173] Political leaders and experts have expressed uncertainty if Bangladesh is a secular state or an Islamic state.[174]Bangladesh regime changes often advocate for different type of religious freedom as in secularism or pluarism.[175]
  •   Malaysia
    • In Article 3 of theConstitution of Malaysia,Islam is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, theAlliance party submitted a memorandum to theReid Commission, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not asecular state."[176] The full text of the Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report.[177] This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (White Paper), specifically quoted in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as asecular State...."[178] TheCobbold Commission also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would besecular."[179] In December 1987, theLord President of the Supreme Court,Salleh Abas described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling.[180]

See also

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Look upsecular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

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  1. ^abcState with limited recognition.[105]
  2. ^Section 116 of theConstitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[147] However, the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[148]

References

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  51. ^Article 3 of theTanzania (United Republic of)'s Constitution of 1977 with Amendments through 2005, constituteproject.org, "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"
  52. ^Article 1 of theTogo's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2007, constituteproject.org, "The Togolese Republic is a State of law, secular, democratic and social."
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  167. ^Article 2A:
    The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but the State shall ensure equal status and equal right in the practice of the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and other religions.
  168. ^Article 8:
    (1) The principles of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, together with the principles derived from those as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy.
    (2) The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable.
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Bibliography

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