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Satellite tornado

Asatellite tornado is atornado that revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the samemesocyclone. Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not consideredsubvortices; the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more oftenanticyclonic than are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets.[1] Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parentsupercell thunderstorm.[2]

The large tornado on the right is the1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado and the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado.

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parentsupercell (a process known ascyclic tornadogenesis and leading to atornado family). Ontornado outbreak days, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.[citation needed]

Satellite tornadoes tend toorbit their parent cyclonically, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and will generally form near the edge of a supercell'smesocyclone, and gradually travel inward to the parent tornado.[3] Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite.[4] During theMarch 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak, one member of a tornado family (ratedF5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5.[5]

Examples

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Some examples of tornado couplets include theTri-State Tornado,[6] multiple tornadoes during the1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak,[7] the2007 Greensburg tornado,[8] and the2013 El Reno tornado.[9] Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent ofstorm chasing, in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobileradar.[10] These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and duringProject VORTEX near Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events.[4]

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

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This article containsdynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing items withreliable sources.
DatePrimaryF#/EF#Primary locationSatelliteF#/EF#Satellite locationFatalities[a]Event
May 30, 1879F4[b]SW ofRandolph, Kansas toIrving, Kansas toDawson's Mill, Nebraska[11][c]F?NW ofRandolph, Kansas[11]18 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954F3Howard, Georgia toRoberta, Georgia toMacon, Georgia[12]F1Turner Chapel, Georgia toFickling, Georgia[13]5 (75 injuries)Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961F1S ofMount Dora, New Mexico to NW ofClayton, New Mexico[14]F0Mount Dora, New Mexico[15]0Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962 (List)
June 13, 1976F5SW ofLuther, Iowa toJordan, Iowa to SW ofGilbert, Iowa[11][16][17]F2S to N ofJordan, Iowa[11][18]0 (9 injuries)Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
F3NE ofJordan, Iowa[11][19]
F4Lemont, Illinois to S ofDowners Grove, Illinois[20]F1SW ofLemont, Illinois[21]2 (23 injuries)
F0S ofLemont, Illinois[21]
March 13, 1990F5Castleton, Kansas toHesston, Kansas[22]F5Goessel, Kansas to NE ofHillsboro, Kansas[23]2March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997F2S ofCollege Station, Arkansas[citation needed]F2S ofCollege Station, Arkansas[citation needed]0March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999F5SSW ofAmber, Oklahoma toMoore, Oklahoma to W ofMidwest City, Oklahoma[24][25]F0N ofNewcastle, Oklahoma[25]36 (583 injuries)1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004F2N ofUtica, Illinois toOttawa, Illinois[26]F0E ofUtica, Illinois[citation needed]0Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007EF5Greensburg, Kansas[27][28]
EF0E ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]11 (63 injuries)2007 Greensburg tornado
EF0NearGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0NearGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1NearGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1NearGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0NE ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0N ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0E ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1E ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0E ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
May 23, 2008EF2N ofLaird, Kansas[30]EF2SE ofArnold, Kansas[31]0Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010EF3SW ofWakita,Oklahoma to E ofHunnewell,Kansas[32]EF0NW ofMedford,Oklahoma[33]0 (2 injuries)Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
June 17, 2010EF4E ofConger, Minnesota to W ofAlbert Lea, MinnesotaEF1Armstrong, Minnesota1 (14 injuries)2010 Conger–Albert Lea tornado
April 9, 2011EF3W ofNemaha, Iowa to N ofWare, Iowa[34][35][36]EF2SE ofNewell, Iowa[37][38]0Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
EF4W ofPocahontas, Iowa[39]
EF1NE ofVarina, Iowa[40]
EF1NE ofVarina, Iowa[41]
EF2WSW ofPocahontas, Iowa[42]
May 24, 2011EF5ESE ofHinton toPiedmont to NE ofGuthrie, Oklahoma[43]EF0NW of Richland, Oklahoma[44]9 (181 injuries)2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011EF4SSW ofTipton, Oklahoma[45]EF0S ofTipton, Oklahoma[45]0Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013EF3S ofCentralia, Kansas[46]EF1W ofCorning, Kansas[47]0Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013EF3WSW ofEl Reno, Oklahoma to W ofYukon, Oklahoma[48]EF2SE ofEl Reno, Oklahoma[48]8 (151 injured)2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015EF4NNE ofFranklin Grove, Illinois to NNW ofKirkland, Illinois[49]EF0S ofBelvidere, Illinois[50]2 (11 injuries)2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado
April 27, 2016EF0ESE ofBedford, Iowa to S ofConway, Iowa[51]EF0S ofConway, Iowa[52]0List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EF1ENE ofWapanucka, Oklahoma to N ofAtoka, Oklahoma[53]EFUENE ofWapanucka, Oklahoma[54]0List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EFUNW ofSawyer, Oklahoma to S ofSpencerville, Oklahoma[55]EFUN ofSawyer, Oklahoma[56]0List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016EF1WNW ofWest Brooklyn, Illinois to NW ofCompton, Illinois[citation needed]EF0NE ofWest Brooklyn, Illinois[citation needed]0List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018EF3N ofLaramie, Wyoming[57]EF2N ofLaramie, Wyoming[58]0Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018EF3Eastern Pella, Iowa[59][60]EF0NE ofPella, Iowa[61]0 (13 injuries)from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018F2Gulf of Taranto toPatù, Italy toCorsano, Italy to easternTricase,Italy[62]FUGulf of Taranto[62]0Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019EF2NW ofTalala, Oklahoma[63]EFUW ofTalala, Oklahoma[64]0List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019EF2N ofFort Laramie, Wyoming to NE ofLingle, Wyoming[65]EFUN ofFort Laramie, Wyoming to NE ofLingle, Wyoming[65]0List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021EF2SW ofHappy, Texas to ESE ofCanyon, Texas[66]EF1N ofHappy, Texas[67]0March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021EFUN ofHaswell, Colorado[68]EFUNNE ofHaswell, Colorado[69]0List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021EF0NW ofMedford, Minnesota[70]EF0NW ofMedford, Minnesota[71]0List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021EF2NE ofBeachburg, Ontario toL'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec[72]EF1Sullivan Island, Ontario toButternut Island, Ontario[72]0
September 29, 2021F1Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District)[73]FUKieler Förde, Germany[74]0 (7 injured)Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021EF1Clinton, Oklahoma to SSE ofCuster City, Oklahoma[75]EFUNE ofClinton, Oklahoma[76]0
December 11, 2021EF3SW ofBowling Green, Kentucky to S ofPlum Springs, Kentucky to NNW ofRocky Hill, Kentucky[77]EF2SoutheasternBowling Green, Kentucky to SE ofPlum Springs, Kentucky[78]16 (63 injuries)Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022EF3E ofDerby, Iowa to E ofChariton, Iowa[79]EF0S ofChariton, Iowa[80]1 (1 injured)Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022EF2NNE ofBladon Springs, Alabama to W ofMcEntyre, Alabama[81]EF1NNECoffeeville, Alabama[81]0Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022EF2W ofMaud, Oklahoma to E ofLittle, Oklahoma[82][83]EF0NE ofSeminole, Oklahoma to ESE ofLittle, Oklahoma[82]0Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022EF2New Iberia, Louisiana[84]EFUSSWNew Iberia, Louisiana[84]0 (16 injuries)Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023EF0SW ofKimball[85]EFUSW ofKimball[85]0
April 30, 2024EF1NE ofHollister, Oklahoma[86]EF1SW ofLoveland, Oklahoma[87]0Tornadoes of 2024#April 30 – May 4 (United States)
May 25, 2024EF3NE ofCelina, Texas[88]EF1NNW ofCelina, Texas to W ofWeston, Texas[88]0Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024
April 27, 2025EF2W ofMerritt Reservoir, NebraskaEF2N of Merritt Reservoir0Tornadoes of 2025[89]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes
  2. ^This tornado's rating is unofficial.
  3. ^This track was probably atornado family.

References

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  3. ^Edwards, Roger."CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCELLULAR SATELLITE TORNADOES"(PDF). Retrieved11 October 2024.
  4. ^abEdwards, Roger (2001)."Satellite Tornado". StormEyes. Retrieved2014-03-22.
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  8. ^Lemon, Leslie R.; M. Umschied (2008-10-27)."The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes".24th Conf Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society.
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