 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Solid-state storage |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Founder | Alex Naqvi and Rado Danilak |
| Headquarters | , |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Michael Raam,CEO |
| Products | Solid-state drive controller |
Number of employees | 190[1] |
| Parent | Seagate Technology |
| Website | www |
SandForce was an Americanfabless semiconductor company based inMilpitas, California, that designedflash memory controllers forsolid-state drives (SSDs).[2] On January 4, 2012, SandForce was acquired byLSI Corporation and became the Flash Components Division of LSI.[1][3] LSI was subsequently acquired byAvago Technologies on May 6, 2014[4] and on the 29th of that same monthSeagate Technology announced its intention to buy LSI's Flash Components Division.[5]
SandForce was founded in 2006 by Alex Naqvi and Rado Danilak. In April 2009, they announced their entrance into the solid-state drive market.[6][7]
SandForce did not sell complete solid-state drives, but rather flash memory controllers, called SSD processors, to partners who then built and sold complete SSDs to manufacturers, corporations, and end-users.[8] However, another division of LSI used the SandForce SSD processor in the LSI Nytro PCIe product line. Zsolt Kerekes, an SSD Market Analyst and publisher of StorageSearch.com, said in 2011 that SandForce was the best-known maker of SSD controllers.[3]
Alex Naqvi and Rado Danilak had experience from companies includingMarvell,Intel Corporation,NVIDIA,Toshiba, andSanDisk when they started SandForce.[2] At the end of 2009, it had approximately 100 employees.[9]
SandForce was initially financed byprivate equity firms Storm Ventures,Doll Capital Management (DCM), and unnamedcomputer data storage firms.[6] By April 2009, SandForce had taken in more than $20 million in twoventure rounds.[7] In November that same year they closed aseries C funding round of $21 million led by TransLink Capital and included LSI,ADATA, and others, including Seagate Technology.[9] Finally in October 2010, SandForce closed aseries D round of $25 million led byCanaan Partners and included the existing investors.[10]
Theboard of directors included Carl Amdahl (General Partner at DCM and son ofGene Amdahl), Ryan Floyd (Storm Ventures),S. "Sundi" Sundaresh (formerPresident andCEO ofAdaptec), Jackie Yang (managing director at TransLink Capital), and Eric Young (Canaan Partners). C.S. Park, a Seagate board member and also a former chief executive atMaxtor and former chief executive atHynix was also on the board until sometime before mid 2011.[7][11]
On October 26, 2011, LSI Corporation announced the intent to acquire SandForce and by January 4, 2012, the deal was finalized with SandForce becoming the new Flash Components Division of LSI led by Michael Raam.[1] On December 16, 2013, Avago Technologies announced its intent to acquire LSI[12] and the deal was completed on May 6, 2014.[4] On May 29, 2014, Seagate Technology announced it had entered into an agreement with Avago to purchase LSI's Flash Components Division.[5]
SandForce uses inexpensivemulti-level cell technology in adata center environment with a 5-yearexpected life.[8] At the time the company emerged from stealth mode, other solid-state drives in the market were using the more expensive single-level cell technology.[6][13]
SandForce gave the name "DuraClass" to the overall technology incorporated in its controllers. SandForce controllers did not useDRAM forcaching[2] which reduces cost and complexity compared to other SSD controllers. SandForce controllers also use a proprietarycompression system to minimize the amount of data actually written to non-volatile memory (the "write amplification") which increases speed and lifetime for most data (known as "DuraWrite").[6] SandForce claims to have reduced write amplification to 0.5 on a typical workload.[13] As a byproduct, data that cannot readily be compressed (for example random data, encrypted files or partitions, compressed files, or many common audio and videofile formats) is slower to write. Other features includeerror detection and correction technology known as "RAISE" (Redundant Array of Independent Silicon Elements)[8] which improves the disk failure rates,[14] andAES encryption[6] which works in the background and is completely automatic. Data is encrypted even if there is no password which makes data recovery problematic; however, hardware encryption (which encrypts the user data as physically stored to flash without any significant performance loss[13]) doesn't replace, but rather complements, thedrive lock feature and software-based encryption, which prevent unauthorized access to the drive's contents over the host interface.
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SandForce initially released a family split into enterprise (data center) and client (desktop) computing applications. The SF-1500 was the enterprise product and the SF-1200 the client product. Reference designs included information to build and sell a complete product.[3][15] In October 2010, SandForce introduced their second generation SSD controllers called the SF-2000 family focused on enterprise applications. Enhancements included: SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s), faster speeds, security, and data protection features.[16][17]The client version of this second generation line was introduced in February 2011 with most of the same enhancements seen in the SF-2500.[18]
Announced in November 2013, the SF 3700 family of controllers supportedtriple-level cell flash for higher capacity[19] andNVM Express for improved performance at the high end.[20] Sample engineering boards with the PCIe x4 (gen 2) model of this controller found 1,800 MB/sec read/write sequential speeds and 150K/80K random IOPS.[21] A KingstonHyperX "prosumer" product using this controller was showcased at theConsumer Electronics Show 2014 and promised similar performance.[22][23]Mushkin also showcased products using the SF 3700 series at CES, highlighting theirM.2 Helix series up to 480 GB (512 GiB) and up to 2 TB in for the 2.5 inch format.[24]
The SF 3700 family consists of:[23]
All these models are actually made of the same die (produced in a 40 nm process), an area of which goes unused in the lower-end products.[25] The RAISE technology in the SF 3700 series was upgraded from protecting against a single page or block failure (in the previous series) to "multiple pages and blocks or up to a full die" with the so-called RAISE level 2. Additionally, the new chips reserve less than a full die for redundancy (so-called "fractional RAISE").[19]
After the introduction of the SF-2000 series controller, some customers using drives with that controller reported issues such asBSOD and freezing. In early June 2011,Corsair Memory issued a recall on the 120 GB Force 3 with specific serial numbers, but not on any other Force 3 drive with a SandForce SF-2000 controller. Therefore, that recall does not appear to be related to the controller.[26] In October, 2011, SandForce sent out firmware updates through their manufacturing partners such asOCZ that fixed the reported issue.[27] In August 2012,TweakTown identified an issue with SandForce-based SSDs using firmware 5.0.1 and 5.0.2 wherein TRIM support did not perform optimally when fully erasing the SSD, but also confirmed that the 5.0.3 and 5.0.4 firmware resolved the issue.[28]
In 2012, SandForce SF-2000-based drives were discovered to only include AES-128 encryption instead of the advertised AES-256 encryption. It was speculated the lower grade encryption was used to qualify for US ITAR licences which are precluded for products featuring certain levels of encryption heading for a selected list of US-ambivalent or actively unfriendly countries.[29][30] Products such as Kingston SSDNow V+200 and KC100 were re-documented to state the use of 128-bit AES encryption.[31] Intel offered refunds for affected users of Intel 520 Series SSDs until January 1, 2012, while Kingston offered exchange program to cover the cost of shipping for customers who request a swap.[32]
In May 2010, SandForce introduced the "SandForce Driven" program.[33]The "Intel Inside" program and the BASF advertising slogan that said "We don't make the things you use, we make the things you use better" are similar examples of companies promoting a component inside the end product.[3][8] SandForce created a logo that partners can display on the SSD or their advertising to indicate a SandForce controller is inside and uses a SandForce-written firmware.[34][35] In October 2013, there were 38 members of the SandForce Driven program.[36]
SandForce created the "SandForce Trusted" program in January 2011, which identified approved vendors that provide equipment, tools, and services compatible with SandForce SSD Processors. It is a form ofapproved vendor list that helps SSD OEMs and manufacturers get a higher level of service and support.
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