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SageMath

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Computer algebra system

SageMath
Sagemath document (Jupyter Notebook) inside aweb browser
Initial release24 February 2005; 20 years ago (2005-02-24)
Stable release
10.8[1] Edit this on Wikidata (18 December 2025; 2 months ago (18 December 2025))
Preview release
10.8.beta9 / 11 November 2025; 3 months ago (2025-11-11)
Written inPython,Cython
Operating systemLinux,macOS,Microsoft Windows,Solaris,Android,iOS
Platform
SizeApprox. 112–3319MB
TypeComputer algebra system
LicenseGPLv3[2]
Websitewww.sagemath.org
Repository

SageMath (previouslySage orSAGE, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation"[3]) is acomputer algebra system (CAS) with features covering many aspects ofmathematics, includingalgebra,combinatorics,graph theory,group theory,differentiable manifolds,numerical analysis,number theory,calculus, andstatistics.

The first version of SageMath was released on 24 February 2005 asfree and open-source software under the terms of theGNU General Public License version 2, with the initial goals of creating an "open source alternative toMagma,Maple,Mathematica, andMATLAB".[4] The originator and leader of the SageMath project,William Stein, was amathematician at theUniversity of Washington.

SageMath uses asyntax resemblingPython's,[5] supportingprocedural,functional, andobject-oriented constructs.

Development

[edit]
William A. Stein, originator and leader of the SageMath project

Stein realized when designing Sage that there were manyopen-source mathematics software packages already written in differentlanguages, namelyC,C++,Common Lisp,Fortran andPython.

Rather thanreinventing the wheel, Sage (which is written mostly in Python andCython) integrates many specializedCAS software packages into a common interface, for which a user needs to know only Python. However, Sage contains hundreds of thousands of unique lines ofcode adding newfunctions and creating the interfaces among its components.[6]

SageMath uses both students and professionals for development. The development of SageMath is supported by bothvolunteer work andgrants.[7] However, it was not until 2016 that the first full-time Sage developer was hired (funded by anEU grant).[8] The same year, Stein described his disappointment with a lack of academic funding and credentials for software development, citing it as the reason for his decision to leave his tenured academic position to work full-time on the project in a newly founded company, SageMath Inc.[8]

Achievements

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Licensing and availability

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SageMath isfree software, distributed under the terms of theGNU General Public License version 3.[2]

Windows

SageMath 10.0 (May 2023) requiresWindows Subsystem for Linux in version 2,[12] which in turn requires Windows to run as aHyper-V client. SageMath 8.0 (July 2017), with development funded by theOpenDreamKit project,[8] successfully built onCygwin, and a binary installer for 64-bit versions of Windows was available.[13] Although Microsoft was sponsoring a Windows version of SageMath, prior to 2016 users of Windows had to usevirtualization technology such asVirtualBox to run SageMath.[14]

Linux

SageMath is available as a package in someLinux distributions, includingArch Linux,Debian,Guix,[15]Ubuntu andNixOS. InGentoo, it is available via layman in the "sage-on-gentoo"[16] overlay. The packages used by NixOS and Gnu Guix are available for use on other distributions, due to the distribution-agnostic nature of their package managers.

Other operating systems

Gentoo prefix also provides Sage on other operating systems.

Software packages contained in SageMath

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The philosophy of SageMath is to use existing open-sourcelibraries wherever they exist. Therefore, it uses many libraries from other projects.

Mathematics packages
contained in SageMath[17]		AlgebraGAP,Singular,FLINT
Algebraic geometrySingular
Arbitrary-precision arithmeticGMP,MPFR,MPFI,NTL,mpmath,Arb
Arithmetic geometryPARI/GP,NTL,mwrank,ECM
CalculusMaxima,SymPy,GiNaC,Giac,FriCAS
CombinatoricsSymmetrica, Sage-Combinat
Linear algebraATLAS,BLAS,LAPACK,NumPy,LinBox,IML,GSL
Graph theoryNetworkX
Group theoryGAP
Numerical computationGSL,SciPy,NumPy, ATLAS
Number theoryPARI/GP,FLINT,NTL
Statistical computingR,SciPy
Other packages
contained in SageMath		Command-line shellIPython
DatabaseZODB,SQLite
Graphical interfaceSageMath Notebook,MathJax[18] (formerlyjsMath)
Graphicsmatplotlib,Tachyon,GD,Jmol
Interactive programming languagePython
NetworkingTwisted
Other Mathematics package
available for SageMath		Differential geometry andtensor calculusSage Manifolds

See also

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References

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  1. ^https://www.sagemath.org/changelogs/sage-10.8.txt.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
  2. ^ab"COPYING.txt – sage.git". The Sage Repository. Archived fromthe original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved4 April 2017.
  3. ^Stein, William."SAGE: A Computer System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation". Retrieved30 March 2012.
  4. ^Stein, William (12 June 2007)."Sage Days 4"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 June 2007. Retrieved2 August 2007.
  5. ^Anastassiou, George A.; Mezei, Razvan A. (2015).Numerical Analysis Using Sage. New York: Springer. pp. x1 and 1.ISBN 9783319167381.
  6. ^"Sage Days 7: Combinatorics".SageWiki. 14 November 2008. Retrieved9 December 2013.
  7. ^"Sage – Acknowledgement to Supporters". Retrieved6 January 2017.
  8. ^abcWilliam Stein:The origins of SageMath – creating a viable open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and Matlab (presentation, 11 June 2016)
  9. ^"Free Software Brings Affordability, Transparency To Mathematics". Science Daily. 7 December 2007. Retrieved6 January 2017.
  10. ^"Sage Mathematical Software System".Google Summer of Code / Code-in Archive. Retrieved6 January 2017.
  11. ^"Richard Dimick Jenks Memorial Prize 2013 Award".Association for Computing Machinery – SIGSAM. Retrieved6 January 2017.
  12. ^"Welcome to Sage Installation Guide". 1 May 2023. Retrieved28 July 2023.
  13. ^Lelievre, Samuel (18 August 2017)."SageMath 8.0 installer for Windows". Retrieved28 August 2017.
  14. ^Stein, William (16 March 2012)."Re: Question about Sage". Retrieved6 January 2017.
  15. ^"Guix-HPC – Package sage".hpc.guix.info. Retrieved20 August 2025.
  16. ^"sage-on-gentoo Wiki".GitHub. Retrieved6 January 2017.
  17. ^"Standard Packages".doc.sagemath.org. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved6 January 2017.
  18. ^"External Packages – External Packages".

External links

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Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:Sage
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSage (mathematics software).
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