Robert Edward Ulanowicz (/jəˈlænəwɪts/yə-LAN-ə-wits^[1]) is an Americantheoretical ecologist andphilosopher ofPolish descent who in his search for aunified theory of ecology has formulated a paradigm he callsProcess Ecology.^[2] He was born September 17, 1943, inBaltimore, Maryland.

He served as professor of theoretical ecology at theUniversity of Maryland Center for Environmental Science'sChesapeake Biological Laboratory inSolomons, Maryland, until his retirement in 2008. Ulanowicz received both his BS and PhD inchemical engineering fromJohns Hopkins University in 1964 and 1968, respectively.

Ulanowicz currently resides inGainesville, Florida, where he holds a courtesy professorship in the Department of Biology at theUniversity of Florida. Since relocating to Florida, Ulanowicz has served as a scientific advisor to theHoward T. Odum Florida Springs Institute, an organization dedicated to the preservation and welfare of Florida's naturalsprings.^[3]

Ulanowicz uses techniques frominformation theory andthermodynamics to study the organization of flows of energy and nutrients within ecosystems. Although his ideas have been primarily applied in ecology, many of his concepts are abstract and have been applied to other areas in whichflow networks arise, such aspsychology andeconomics.

Though Ulanowicz began his career modeling ecological systems using differential equations, he soon reached the limits of this approach.^[4] Realizing that any ecosystem is acomplex system, he decided to move away from what he saw as the inappropriate use of thereductionist approach, and instead began to work towards development of theoretical measures of the ecosystem as a whole, such asascendency. Gradually, he came to appreciate the ecosystem behavior is not simply a matter of "mechanics with noise," but rather an intricate interplay between opposing tendencies—autocatalytic-like self-organization and entropic decay. This natural conversation could be followed quantitatively using information-theoretic measures applied to networks of trophic processes.

FollowingGregory Bateson, Ulanowicz points out how ecology differs significantly fromphysics in that constraints that are absent play important roles in ecosystem dynamics. He also argues how the homogeneous laws of physics only constrain the behavior of very heterogeneous ecosystems but are incapable by themselves of determining outcomes. He goes so far as to suggest that an entirely new metaphysics, which he callsProcess Ecology, is required to understand complex living systems.^[5]

One pertinent discovery by Ulanowicz was that ecosystems do not progress to maximum efficiency. Ecosystems that channel too much activity along the most efficient pathways do so at the expense of redundant, less-efficient processes that can function to take over vital activities in the event that the more efficient processes are disrupted. Ecosystems that persist are those that achieve a balance between the mutually exclusive attributes of efficiency and reliability.^[6] This result from nature poses a significant challenge to mainstream economics, wherein market efficiency is held to be thesine qua non.^[7]

Ulanowicz has authored or co-authored over two hundred articles in theoretical ecology and related areas of philosophy, especially those dealing withautocatalysis andcausality. He has authored three books to date.^[8]

• A Third Window: Natural Life Beyond Newton and Darwin, Templeton Foundation Press (2009) (ISBN 159947154X)--A description of Ulanowicz's new metaphysics
• Ecology: The Ascendant Perspective, Columbia University Press (1997) (ISBN 0231108281) - Causality in living systems, written for a more general audience
• Growth and Development - Ecosystems phenomenology, Springer (1986) (ISBN 0387962654) - A more technical exposition of Ulanowicz's early ideas

While living in Maryland, Ulanowicz took up a hobby of cultivating and casually breeding cold-hardy palm trees; he drew attention for aWindmill palm onSolomons Island that grew taller than the one-story building it was planted outside.^[9]

Ulanowicz was named the recipient of the 2007Ilya Prigogine Medal for outstanding research in ecological systems.^[10] He participated in theStock Exchange of Visions project in 2007.^[11]

Ulanowicz was a featured speaker at the 2009 Ill STOQ International Conference entitled "Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories," which discussed the impacts and effects of the publication ofOn the Origin of Species byCharles Darwin.^[12]

• List of American philosophers
• Ascendency

• Robert E. Ulanowicz's Home Page
• Stock Exchange Of Visions: Visions of Robert E. Ulanowicz (Video Interviews)
• Alachua County Clerk of Courts