Richard Brooks (bornReuben Sax; May 18, 1912 – March 11, 1992) was an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and film producer. Nominated for eightAcademy Awards in his career, he was best known forBlackboard Jungle (1955),Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958),Elmer Gantry (1960; for which he won theAcademy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay),In Cold Blood (1967) andLooking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).

Richard Brooks
Brooks in 1986
Born	Reuben Sax May 18, 1912 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	March 11, 1992(1992-03-11) (aged 79) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupations	Film director screenwriter producer novelist
Spouses	Jean Brooks ​ ​ (m. 1941;div. 1944)​ Harriette Levin ​ ​ (m. 1946;div. 1957)​ Jean Simmons ​ ​ (m. 1960;div. 1980)​
Children	1

Brooks was born Reuben Sax in Philadelphia to Hyman and Esther Sax, Russian Jewish immigrants. The parents were married teenagers when they immigrated to the US in 1908. They found employment in Philadelphia's textile and clothing industry. Reuben, their only child, was born in 1912. He attended public schools Joseph Leidy Elementary,^[1]Mayer Sulzberger Junior High School^[2] andWest Philadelphia High School,^[3] graduating from the latter in 1929.

Sax took classes atTemple University for two years, studying journalism and playing on the school's baseball team. He dropped out and left home when he discovered that his parents were going into debt to pay for his tuition. He rode freight trains around the East and Midwest for a period of time, eventually returning to Philadelphia to seek work as a newspaper reporter. At some point in the 1930s, during theGreat Depression, Sax began using the name Richard Brooks professionally. He changed his name legally in 1943.

Brooks wrote sports for thePhiladelphia Record and later joined the staff of theAtlantic City Press-Union. He moved to New York to work for theWorld-Telegram; shortly afterward he took a job with radio stationWNEW for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air and provided commentary. Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Island's Mill Pond Theater in 1940. A falling out with his theater colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim, hoping to find work in the film industry. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage; a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York.

He did not find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and read them for a daily fifteen-minute broadcast calledSidestreet Vignettes. His marriage, in 1941, toJeanne Kelly, an actress atUniversal Studios, may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actressMaria Montez, known as the "Queen of Technicolor." With no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined theU.S. Marine Corps in 1943 duringWorld War II.^[4]

Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, and at times at Camp Pendleton, California. In his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel,The Brick Foxhole, a searing portrait of some stateside soldiers who were tainted by religious and racial bigotry, and opposed to homosexuals.^[4] In 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a self-centered husband and unsuitable for what she needed.

His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews. It was adapted as the filmCrossfire (1947) with the homosexual element removed. It was the first major Hollywood film to deal withanti-Semitism, receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producerMark Hellinger, who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines.

Working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actorHumphrey Bogart, a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided an uncredited screen story forThe Killers (1946), which introduced actorBurt Lancaster. He wrote the scripts for two other Hellinger films, notablyBrute Force (1947), also starring Lancaster. After Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, Brooks wrote screenplays for threeWarner Brothers films, includingKey Largo (1948), starring Bogart and wifeLauren Bacall and directed and co-written byJohn Huston, another Brooks mentor. Huston and Brooks had both worked together previously in the uncredited rewrite forThe Killers, and Huston would be the only co-writer Brooks ever had.^[1] While filmingKey Largo, Huston allowed Brooks to be on theKey Largo set during shooting, so that he could learn more about directing a Hollywood film.

Brooks wrote two more novels shortly after the war,The Boiling Point (1948) andThe Producer (1951), a thinly disguised portrait of Mark Hellinger. It may also have contained autobiographical elements about Brooks. In 1946 he married again, to Harriette Levin, who had no apparent connection to the film industry. Their marriage lasted until 1957, when she sought a default divorce.

Success as a screenwriter with Hellinger and Warner Brothers led Brooks to a contract withMGM and the promise of a chance to direct. He wrote two screenplays for the studio before he was given the opportunity. His first film as writer and director,Crisis (1950), starredCary Grant as a brain surgeon forced to save the life of a South American dictator, played byJosé Ferrer. His second film,The Light Touch (1951), an art-theftcaper film starringStewart Granger, was shot in Italy. Brooks recounted useful advice he received just before his directorial debut from cinematographerKarl Freund while speaking at theAmerican Film Institute. Freund gave Brooks reels of 16mm film, calling them "Lesson Number One." When Brooks watched the reels at home, he saw that they were pornography. The next day, Freund explained: "I produced them. My pictures, 1922. Many times you will be wondering, do you put the camera here, or up here, or down here? Maybe you make the scene a little bigger, or a little smaller. Lesson Number One. Get to the fucking point."^[5]

Brooks came into his own when he directed an original screenplay,Deadline – U.S.A. (1952), for20th Century-Fox, starring his friend Humphrey Bogart. Based on the closing of theNew York World, the film was partgangster picture, part newspaper drama. At its core was an issue Brooks cared about: the consolidation of the newspaper industry and its effect on the diversity of voices in the press. The film remains one of the more highly regarded dramas about American newspapers. Brooks directed four more films before achieving an unqualified hit withBlackboard Jungle (1955) starringGlenn Ford. Based on a best-seller byEvan Hunter, the film was shocking for its time in its presentation of juvenile delinquency. It also offered a career-making supporting role for a young black actor,Sidney Poitier, and early roles for actorsVic Morrow,Jamie Farr andPaul Mazursky. Brooks chose to begin and end the film with the song "Rock Around the Clock", bringingrock 'n' roll to a major Hollywood production for the first time and sparking a No. 1 hit forBill Haley and the Comets.Blackboard Jungle was nominated for an Oscar for its screenplay, and was MGM's top moneymaker that year.

In 1955, Brooks was one of four Americanauteur filmmakers named as "rebels" by the French magazineCahiers du Cinéma.^[6] Box-office success was what gave the writer/director more freedom at MGM, but Brooks also recognized that he would never have complete control of his films while under contract. He determined to avoid writing original screenplays and focused on adaptations of best-sellers or classic novels. He later noted that adapting a novel gave him a head start on developing the story structure required for a screenplay. He spent the rest of the decade at MGM, where his most notable film was an adaptation ofTennessee Williams's sexually charged playCat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958). A huge hit for MGM – it drew more money and a larger audience than any other film Brooks ever directed – the film was a high point in the career ofElizabeth Taylor and made a star ofPaul Newman. It brought Brooks his first Oscar nomination for directing and the first Best Picture nomination in his directorial career.

Brooks spent the last third of his film career working in relative independence. In 1958, he signed a non-exclusive, seven-year writer-director deal withColumbia Pictures that was to earn him over $1 million.^[7] He followed the success ofCat on a Hot Tin Roof with an independent production forUnited Artists ofElmer Gantry (1960), based on the novel bySinclair Lewis. The story of a phony preacher, played byBurt Lancaster, and a sincere revivalist, played byJean Simmons, was edgy for the time. As it had forBlackboard Jungle andCat on a Hot Tin Roof, controversy accompanied the film's release and helped bring people to theaters. The movie received five Academy Award nominations, including one for best picture, and won Oscars for Brooks' screenplay,^[8] Lancaster as lead actor and forShirley Jones as supporting actress.

Brooks adapted and directed another Tennessee Williams play,Sweet Bird of Youth (1962).Ed Begley won a Best Supporting Oscar for his role in the film. While popular and well-received critically, the MGM production did not duplicate the success of the previous Williams film. A dream project followed, an adaptation for Columbia Pictures ofJoseph Conrad'sLord Jim (1965), but the lavish film proved to be a misfire at the box office and with most critics. Brooks had spent years writing the script and planning the most expensive project of his career. He had assembled a stellar cast led byPeter O'Toole,Eli Wallach,Jack Hawkins,Paul Lukas, andJames Mason. While beautifully photographed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia byFreddie Young and scored byBronisław Kaper,Lord Jim did not find the audience that had madeDavid Lean's epicsLawrence of Arabia andDoctor Zhivago such notable hits of the 1960s.

To recover professionally from the failure ofLord Jim, Brooks surprised Hollywood by choosing to adapt a minor western novel about a wealthy husband who hires mercenaries to rescue his kidnapped wife from Mexican bandits. Brooks worked quickly and within a year releasedThe Professionals (1966), which became Columbia's biggest hit that year. The film was made through Brooks and Al Horwits' new film production company, Pax Enterprises, Inc.^[9][10] The slick crowd-pleaser starred Burt Lancaster,Lee Marvin,Robert Ryan andWoody Strode as "the professionals" withJack Palance as the bandit leader andClaudia Cardinale as the kidnapped wife. The film received Oscar nominations for Brooks' screenplay and direction, and forConrad Hall's cinematography. It has been lauded as one of the most entertaining westerns ever filmed.

Brooks landed the property of the decade when authorTruman Capote selected him to adapt his best-selling bookIn Cold Blood. Once again rejecting the methodical pace that had slowed him with other productions, Brooks worked quickly to adapt the "nonfiction novel," as Capote called it. As a reporter, Brooks also conducted his own research into the murders of four members of a Kansas farm family and the lives of the two drifters responsible for the crime. Brooks rejected Columbia's suggestion that he hire stars to play the killers and instead cast two relative unknowns,Scott Wilson andRobert Blake. He resisted the studio on another point, shooting the film in black and white rather than color because he thought it was a more frightening medium. He used locations where the events occurred, including the house where the family had been killed. Again produced through Pax Enterprises,In Cold Blood had a documentary style and was considered among the films of the mid-1960s that ushered in a more mature Hollywood style. Brooks received double Oscar nominations; cinematographerConrad Hall and composerQuincy Jones also were nominated.

The Professionals andIn Cold Blood marked the apex of Brooks' career. In the two decades that followed, he wrote and directed just six more films. Of note wasThe Happy Ending (1969), also made through Pax Enterprises.^[10] From his original screenplay about a woman dealing with disappointments in her marriage and her life, it was the kind of low-key personal film more likely to come from Europe than an American director. The film earned an Oscar nomination for star Jean Simmons. (Her own marriage to Brooks ended in divorce in 1980.) In 1972 Brooks was hired byColumbia Pictures to directFirst Blood, withBette Davis to be cast as a psychiatrist and eitherLee Marvin orBurt Lancaster to be cast asSheriff Will Teasle. Brooks intended the film to be a commentary on the perceptions ofveterans from bothWorld War II and theVietnam War. He also intended to make Teasle a more sympathetic character, who at the end of the film would have ordered his men to drop their guns to try to reason withJohn Rambo before Rambo was shot by unknown gunman. The film was cancelled because the Vietnam War had not ended, and the rights were sold toWarner Bros. Pictures.^[11]

Bite the Bullet (1975) was Brooks' return to the western and his final film made through Pax Enterprises.^[12][13] He based his original screenplay on the endurance horse races popular at the turn of the century. In 1977, he released another controversial film, an adaptation ofJudith Rossner's 1975 novelLooking for Mr. Goodbar.Goodbar starredDiane Keaton as a Catholic school teacher who searches for sexual satisfaction in singles bars. Brooks made the film on a tight budget, and its frank treatment of sex and its horrific storyline brought praise and condemnation and sold tickets. He ended his career withWrong Is Right (1982), a satire about the news media and world unrest starringSean Connery,^[14] and a gambling addiction film withRyan O'Neal andCatherine Hicks inFever Pitch (1985).Fever Pitch featured a story about a renowned Los Angeles sportswriter who becomes a sports gambling addict. Brooks himself had been a sportswriter when a young man. Both movies were critical and commercial failures. Brooks tried developing other projects in the last years of his life. He suffered from heart ailments and a stroke before dying at his home in 1992 at the age of 79.

In 1960, he marriedJean Simmons, after her divorce fromStewart Granger. Brooks helped to raise Tracy, Simmons' daughter by Granger. The couple had another daughter, Kate, together in 1961. They separated in 1977 and were legally divorced in 1980. Previously, Brooks had been married for 11 years to Harriette Levin, a relationship that also ended in divorce.^[1]

Brooks hated bigotry, which was a central theme of his novelThe Brick Foxhole, his co-written screenplay forStorm Warning (1951), and his first western,The Last Hunt (1956). Racial division and reconciliation was also at the heart ofSomething of Value (1957). He sawBlackboard Jungle as encouraging teachers to continue striving to help their students and as reassuring them that they can make a difference. Opposed to the death penalty, he usedIn Cold Blood to suggest that executing criminals solves nothing and only creates more violence.

While he worked in the studio system for most of the 1940s and 1950s, Brooks often clashed with studio policies about the look and feel of films and the stories they presented. He also chafed against the Production Code's limitations on subject matter and expression. His goal as a filmmaker was total control of a production, and he achieved that with most films after the success ofCat on a Hot Tin Roof. The failure ofLord Jim threatened that independence. Brooks responded by becoming a fast and efficient filmmaker, operating with a tight budget and often forgoing a high up-front salary in exchange for a guarantee of control.

Brooks was developing a reputation as a hard-driving, difficult and perpetually angry man as early as his tenure with radio station WNEW in the late 1930s. He was not averse to quitting a job when in conflict with those in charge—as he did while directing at the Mill Pond Theater in 1940 and writing for Universal in 1943. At MGM he was known for almost daily eruptions of anger, often aimed at his crew and sometimes at his cast. That did not change even after he was the producer of his films, and he was known throughout the industry as a talented filmmaker yet a difficult man to deal with.Debbie Reynolds recounts that, while as a young and relatively inexperienced actress filmingThe Catered Affair (1956), Brooks hit her in the face and had to be pulled away from further assault by the assistant director. Later during filming, a heavy piece of equipment fell on his foot, breaking it, and the crew were noticeably slow in removing it which Reynolds attests to a general dislike of the director.^[15]

Brooks was much the same way in his personal life. He readily acknowledged that he was a trying husband and that his work was the most important activity in his life. He was not interested in Hollywood's social scene, preferring to entertain guests at his home with tennis and movies when he wasn't working on screenplays or other projects. Yet his wife Jean Simmons found him to be a humorous, stimulating husband and a loving father to their daughters. But from all accounts, he was a "tough as nails" father as well.

Brooks was one of the relatively few filmmakers whose careers bridged the transition from the classic studio system to the independent productions that marked the 1960s and beyond. He was also among the postwar writer-directors who made some of their best films as they struggled to break free of industry censorship. His legacy is that of a filmmaker who sought independence in a collaborative art and tried to bring his own vision to the screen.

Surrounded by family (Jean Simmons and daughters) and longtime friend, actorGene Kelly, Brooks died fromcongestive heart failure in 1992 at his house in Coldwater Canyon inStudio City, California. He was interred in theHillside Memorial Park Cemetery inCulver City, California, a few steps away from the graves of his parents. On his vault was placed a plaque inscribed, "First comes the word. . .". The quote was chosen by his step-daughter, film editor Tracy Granger, as Brooks always identified most strongly as a writer.

Brooks expressed his concept when he reportedly said to his assembled cast and crew on the first day of shootingLooking for Mr. Goodbar: "I'm sure that all of you have your own ideas about what kind of contribution you can make to this film, what you can do to improve it or make it better. Keep it to yourself. It's my fucking movie and I'm going to make it my way!"^[1]

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Brooks has a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame at 6422 Hollywood Blvd, between N. Cahuenga Boulevard and Wilcox Avenue.

After his death, Brooks' papers were donated to theMargaret Herrick Library and his film collection was donated to theAcademy Film Archive.^[16][17] The Academy Film Archive preservedLord Jim in 2000 and various home movies made by Richard Brooks in 2009 and 2016.^[18][19]

Daniel, Douglass K. (2011).Tough as Nails: The Life and Films of Richard Brooks. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN 978-0299251246.

• Richard Brooks atIMDb
• The Richard Brooks CollectionArchived October 4, 2005, at theWayback Machine at theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
• Papers of Edward K. Moss (Radio dramatist with Richard Brooks and WNEW in New York from September to December 1938)Archived September 24, 2018, at theWayback Machine, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Richard Brooks atFind a Grave
• Richard Brooks papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences