Process heat refers to the application ofheat duringindustrial processes.^[1] Some form of process heat is used during the manufacture of many common products, fromconcrete toglass tosteel topaper. Wherebyproducts or wastes of the overall industrial process are available, those are often used to provide process heat. Examples includeblack liquor in papermaking orbagasse in sugarcane processing.

The requiredtemperature of the process varies widely, with about half the industrial process heat having operating temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F). These higher-temperature processes can generally only be supplied by dedicated supplies likenatural gas orcoal, although pre-heating from other sources is also common in order to reduce fuel use. Those processes operating below themedian can draw on a much wider variety of sources, includingwaste heat from other processes in the same industrial process.Resistive heating would in theory be a possible source of process heat but even as it converts nearly 100% of the supplied electricity to heat, it is obviously less efficient to burn a fuel in athermal power plant to produce electricity only to use that electricity for process heat than to use the fuel directly. Thus this source of heat is only used where electricity from non-thermal sources (such ashydropower) is cheap and plentiful.Heat pumps which are commonly employed for home heating, warm water and other heat applications below 100 °C (212 °F) have too low aCarnot efficiency at high temperature differences between "hot" and "cold" end to be worthwhile. Some processes such as molten saltelectrolysis provide the required process heat by the same electricity that is also needed to keep theendothermic reaction going. Heat is usually described by "grade" with higher temperatures having a higher "grade". This is because heat naturally flows from hot to cold and it is thus always possible to use a high temperature source of heat for lower temperature applications but not vice versa. As higher grade heat is more cumbersome and expensive to produce and as materials have limited heat resistance, there are efforts to reduce working temperatures wherever possible through the use ofcatalysts andfluxes. Inequilibrium reactions where temperature is one of the factors influencing the equilibrium, temperature requirements can be reduced by removing the desired products in acontinuous process. For example, if an equilibrium reaction between AB and CD produces AC and BD and the equilibrium can be shifted rightward by increasing temperature, continuously removing AC or BD from the reaction can serve to reduce the temperature requirements (cf.principle of Le Chatelier). However, there are limits to this as the speed of reaction is also temperature-dependent. Catalysts can serve to increase the speed of reaction at any given temperature but they, by definition, do not shift the equilibrium.

According to theUnited States Department of Energy, in 2018 process heat accounted for approximately 50% of energy use in the manufacturing sector, as well as 30% ofGreenhouse gas emissions.^[1] Accordingly, it is the target of significant efforts to introduce new forms ofcarbon neutral or at least lower carbon process heat supplies.

Some wastes - includingwaste tires - are commonly used as replacement fuels or mixed into conventional fuel at appropriate ratios.^[2] Other potential lower-carbon sources includeBiomass, which is already in widespread use in industry, whilegeothermal,concentrated solar power andnuclear power remain experimental as of 2024.

One problem with using nuclear power for process heat is thatpressurized water reactors, commonly used for electric power generation, have an operating temperature well below 400 °C (752 °F)^[3] andboiling water reactors work at even lower temperatures, around 285 °C (545 °F).^[4] Other reactor designs, particularlyhigh-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR), may be suitable for process heat generation. TheAdvanced Gas-cooled Reactors, constructed in theUnited Kingdom, had a high coolant outlet temperature (610 °C) as an explicit design goal for increased thermal efficiency.^[5] Of particular interest aresmall modular reactor designs, which could be built onsite for process heat generation. The ChineseHTR-PM, a 250MW_tGeneration IV HTGR, features an outlet temperature of 750 °C (1,380 °F).^[6] As of 2024, it is the only high-temperature small modular reactor currently in operation.

Likewise, geothermal heat sources often have relatively low temperatures, sometimes even requiringbinary cycles for electricity generation.^[7][8]

A stopgap solution for decarbonization at the price of increased costs (ignoringcarbon pricing) and lower round trip efficiency is the replacement of currently usedfossil fuels byPower to X derived fuels.^{[citation needed]} While this approach has the advantage of being usable with existing technology with minimal or no modification, it is less efficient than even resistive heating as the chemical processes required to turn electric energy into artificial fuels are less efficient than resistive heating. In processes where the fuel provides both heat and a chemical function (e.g. coke as areducing agent in steelmaking) a power-to-x fuel may however be the only feasible low carbon alternative for some time to come. Hydrogen derived via processes such aselectrolysis of water is often proposed as an alternative to current sources of process heat.^{[citation needed]} Hydrogen is already in widespread use in industry today but is mostly derived from fossil fuels via processes such assteam reforming as of 2022. As some proposed processes for hydrogen production like thesulfur-iodine cycle themselves require high temperatures, their feasibility for generating hydrogen as a fuel for process heat as opposed to the direct use of the heat needed for the process seems questionable.^{[citation needed]}

• Toledano, Ilan (16 May 2016)."Process heating for manufacturing 101".Processing.
• "Renewable Industrial Process Heat".Environmental Protection Agency. 28 October 2014.