Pratt & Whitney is an Americanaerospace manufacturer with global service operations.^[2] It is asubsidiary ofRTX Corporation (formerly Raytheon Technologies). Pratt & Whitney'saircraft engines are widely used in bothcivil aviation (especiallyairliners) andmilitary aviation. Its headquarters are inEast Hartford, Connecticut.^[3] The company is the world's second largest commercial aircraft engine manufacturer, with a 35% market share as of 2020^[update].^[4] In addition to aircraft engines, Pratt & Whitney manufacturesgas turbine engines for industrial use, marine propulsion, andpower generation. In 2017, the company reported that it supported more than 11,000 customers in 180 countries around the world.

Pratt & Whitney

Pratt & Whitney headquarters inEast Hartford, Connecticut
Company type	Subsidiary
Industry	Aerospace,electricity generation
Founded	1925; 100 years ago (1925)
Founders	Frederick andGordon Rentschler Edward Deeds George J. Mead
Headquarters	East Hartford, Connecticut , U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Shane Eddy (president)
Products	Aircraft engines,gas turbines
Revenue	US$28 billion (2024)[1]
Operating income	US$2,281 million (2024)[1]
Number of employees	43,000 (2023)[citation needed]
Parent	RTX Corporation
Divisions	Pratt & Whitney Canada
Website	prattwhitney.com

In April 1925,Frederick Rentschler, anOhio native and former executive atWright Aeronautical, was determined to start an aviation-related business of his own.^[5] His (offline)social network includedEdward Deeds, another prominent Ohioan of the early aviation industry, and Frederick's brotherGordon Rentschler, both of whom were on the board of Niles Bement Pond, then one of the largestmachine tool corporations in the world. Frederick Rentschler approached these men as he sought capital and assets for his new venture. Deeds and G. Rentschler persuaded the board of Niles Bement Pond that theirPratt & Whitney Machine Tool (P&WMT) subsidiary ofHartford, Connecticut, should provide the funding and location to build a new aircraft engine being developed by Rentschler,George J. Mead, and colleagues, all formerly ofWright Aeronautical.^[5] Conceived and designed by Mead,^[5] the new engine would be a large,air-cooled,radial design. Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool was going through a period of self-revision at the time to prepare itself for thepost-World War I era, discontinuing old product lines and incubating new ones.^[5] World War I had been profitable to P&WMT, but the peace brought a predictable glut to the machine tool market, as contracts with governments were canceled and the market in used, recently built tools competed against new ones. P&WMT's future growth would depend on innovation. Having idle factory space and capital available at this historical moment, to be invested wherever goodreturn seemed available,^[5] P&WMT saw the post-war aviation industry, bothmilitary andcivil (commercial, private), as one with some of the greatest growth and development potential available anywhere for the next few decades. It lent Rentschler US$250,000, the use of the Pratt & Whitney name, and space in their building. This was the beginning of thePratt & Whitney Aircraft Company.^[5] Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's first engine, the 425-horsepower (317 kW)R-1340 Wasp, was completed on Christmas Eve 1925. On its third test run it easily passed theU.S. Navy qualification test in March 1926; by October 1926, the U.S. Navy had ordered 200. The Wasp exhibited performance and reliability that revolutionized American aviation.^[5] The R-1340 powered the aircraft ofWiley Post,Amelia Earhart, and many other record flights.

The R-1340 was followed by another very successful engine, theR-985 Wasp Junior.^[6] Eventually a wholeWasp series was developed. Both engines are still in use in agricultural aircraft around the world and produce more power than their original design criteria.

George Mead soon led the next step in the field of large, state-of-the-art, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines (which the Wasp dominated) when Pratt & Whitney released itsR-1690 Hornet. It was basically "a bigger Wasp".

In 1929, Rentschler ended his association with Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool and merged Pratt & Whitney Aircraft withBoeing and other companies to form theUnited Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UATC). His agreement allowed him to carry the Pratt & Whitney name with him to his new corporation. Only five years later, in 1934, thefederal government of U.S. banned common ownership of airplane manufacturers and airlines. Pratt & Whitney was merged with UATC's other manufacturing interests east of theMississippi River asUnited Aircraft Corporation, with Rentschler as president. In 1975, United Aircraft Corporation becameUnited Technologies.

In October 2014, Pratt & Whitney was awarded a $592 million contract withDepartment of Defense (DoD) to supply 36F135 engines for theF-35 fighter.^[7]

In January 2017, ten employees, including the head of the F135 engine program, reportedly left the company after expenses incurred to transport South Korean officials to the company'sWest Palm Beach, Florida facility in 2012 were deemed unethical.^[8]

In 2020, United Technologies merged withRaytheon Company to formRaytheon Technologies, with Pratt & Whitney becoming one of the new corporation's four main subsidiaries.^[9]

In November 2022, Pratt & Whitney was awarded a contract for nearly $4.4 billion by the US DoD to build 100 jet engines for the U.S. military's Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps branches.^[10][11]

As of May 2023, Pratt & Whitney was "struggling to support its fleet of passenger jets with enough spare parts and engines" which had consequences for airlines worldwide who had to ground theirAirbus A320 Neo andAirbus A220.^[12][13] The durability of thePratt & Whitney PW1000Ggeared turbofan engine since its inception in 2016 has been the central issue.^[14]

In July 2023, Pratt & Whitney issued a product recall that would affect hundreds of jet engines.^[15] The recall was issued due to a concern of metal parts being contaminated that could lead to cracking over time.^[15] In August 2023, airlines in the US, Europe and Asia announced that they would be temporarily reducing some flights so they could inspect aircraft affected by the recall.^[16] As of September 2023^[update], it was estimated that around 3,000 engines might have been manufactured with flawed components.^{[citation needed]}

Pratt & Whitney is headquartered inEast Hartford, Connecticut, and also has plants inLondonderry, New Hampshire;Springdale, Arkansas;Columbus, Georgia;Middletown, Connecticut;Middletown, Pennsylvania;Dallas, Texas;Palm Beach County, Florida;North Berwick, Maine;Aguadilla, Puerto Rico;^[17]Asheville, North Carolina andBridgeport, West Virginia.

Pratt & Whitney holds thenaming rights for the home stadium for theUniversity of Connecticut Huskies football team,Rentschler Field, which is located adjacent to Pratt & Whitney'sEast Hartford, Connecticut, campus, on Pratt's company-owned former airfield ofthe same name. In 2015, the stadium was renamed to Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in time for the 2015–2016 University of Connecticut football season.^[18]

Pratt & Whitney is a business unit of aerospaceconglomerateRTX Corporation, making it a sister company toCollins Aerospace andRaytheon. It is also involved in two major joint ventures, theEngine Alliance with GE which manufactures engines for the Airbus A380, andInternational Aero Engines company withRolls-Royce,MTU Aero Engines, and theJapanese Aero Engines Corporation which manufactures engines for the Airbus A320 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-90 aircraft.

Pratt & Whitney's large commercial engines power more than 25 percent of the world's passenger aircraft fleet and serve more than 800 customers in 160 countries. With over 16,000 large commercial engines installed today, Pratt & Whitney provides power to hundreds of airlines and operators, from narrow-bodied airplanes to wide-bodied jumbo jetliners. In June 2007, Pratt & Whitney's fleet of large commercial engines surpassed 1 billion flight hours of service.

Pratt & Whitney's Global Material Solutions (GMS) makes parts for theCFM56 engine thus giving customers an alternative in new CFM56 engine materials. In addition to engine parts, GMS provides customers with fleet management and customized maintenance service programs. United Airlines was the GMS launch customer.^[19]

GMS received its first part certification in July 2007, when the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) granted Parts Manufacturing Approval (PMA) certification for the GMS high-pressure turbine (HPT) shroud for the CFM56-3 engine. In March 2008, the FAA certified the GMS fan and booster with a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) with FAA Chapter 5 life limits equal to the original type certificate holder. The STC was the first FAA certification ever granted for alternative life-limited engine parts. In May 2008, Global Material Solutions received FAA STCs for its remaining life limited parts for CFM56-3 engines.^[20]

Pratt & Whitney Global Service Partners (GSP) offers overhaul, maintenance and repair services for Pratt & Whitney, International Aero Engines, General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and CFMI engines. In addition to engine overhaul and repair services, GSP provides services including line maintenance, engine monitoring and diagnostics, environmentally friendly on-wing water washes, leased engines, custom engine service programs and new and repaired parts.

Pratt & Whitney maintains one of the largest service center networks in the world, with more than 40 engine overhaul and maintenance centers located around the globe.

The Global Service Partners includes Japan Turbine Technologies (JTT). JTT started in 2000 as a joint venture between Pratt andJapan Airlines, with Japan Airlines owning 33.4 percent of the venture, and Pratt & Whitney owning the rest. In July 2011 Pratt bought out Japan Airlines' share in the venture.^[21] The facility is located in the town ofTaiei near the city ofNarita in theChiba Prefecture and it primarily repairsV2500,JT8D engine parts.^{[citation needed]}

Pratt & Whitney's Military Engines power 27 air forces around the globe, with nearly 11,000 military engines in service with 23 customers in 22 nations. Pratt & Whitney military engines include theF135 for theF-35 Lightning II, theF119 for theF-22 Raptor, theF100 family that powers theF-15 Eagle andF-16 Falcon, theF117 for theC-17 Globemaster III, theJ52 for theEA-6B Prowler, theTF33 poweringE-3 AWACS,E-8 Joint STARS,B-52, andKC-135 aircraft, and theTF30 for theF-111 andF-14A. In addition, Pratt & Whitney offers a global network of maintenance, repair, and overhaul facilities and military aviation service centers focused on maintaining engine readiness for their customers.

Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC), originally Canadian Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, and later United Aircraft of Canada, provides a large range of products, including turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft engines targeted for the regional, business, utility and military aircraft and helicopter markets. The company also designs and manufactures engines for auxiliary power units and industrial applications. Its headquarters are located inLongueuil,Quebec (just outsideMontreal).

Speaking to Reuters June 16, 2013, ahead of the Paris Airshow 2013, Pratt & Whitney President David Hess said he was confident that Canada would decide to stick with the F-35 program despite its recent discussions about having a new competition. If the orders did shift to another company, Pratt & Whitney could decide to move some of the industrial base work it is currently doing in Canada, Hess said. "We might reallocate the work elsewhere", he said, adding that reduced order volumes would likely trigger changes in Canada.^[22]

The division admitted in July 2012 to providing engines and engine software for China's first attack helicopter, theZ-10. This violated U.S. export laws and resulted in a multimillion-dollar fine.^[23]

Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion consisted of liquid space propulsion at the Liquid Space Propulsion Division (West Palm Beach, Florida) and solid rocket propulsion at the Chemical Systems Division (San Jose, California), as well as refurbishment and integration of the non-motor elements of the Space Shuttle's solid rocket boosters at the USBI Co. Division (NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida). Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion provided advanced technology solutions to commercial, government and military customers for over four decades. Products included theRL10, the upper stage rocket engine used on the Boeing Delta and Lockheed Martin Atlas rockets, high-pressure turbopumps for theSpace Shuttle Main Engines (SSME) and theRD-180 booster engine, offered byRD Amross, a partnership between Pratt & Whitney andNPO Energomash of Russia, for the Atlas III and V programs. The West Palm Beach site consisted of an engineering division and manufacturing division which designed and manufactured the high-pressure turbopumps (fuel and LOX) for the Space Shuttle's Main Engines (SSME) which were manufactured by the former Rocketdyne Corporation.

Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne (PWR) was formed in 2005 when Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion andRocketdyne Propulsion & Power were merged following the latter's acquisition fromBoeing.

P&W Rocketdyne engines powered theSpace Shuttle, and the company also supplies booster engines forDelta II rockets and boosters and upper stage engines forAtlas III andV andDelta IV rockets.

In 2013, PWR was sold toGenCorp, which merged it withAerojet to becomeAerojet Rocketdyne.

Pratt & Whitney Power Systems (PWPS) designs, builds, furnishes and supports aero-derivative gas turbine and geothermal power systems for customers worldwide. These industrial gas turbines power everything from small businesses to small cities. PWPS’ industrial turbines not only generate electrical power, but provide variable speed mechanical drive for marine propulsion, gas compression, and liquid pumping. PWPS has over 2,000 industrial gas turbines installed in more than 40 countries worldwide. PWPS also provides parts and repairs for heavy-duty frame gas turbines as an OEM alternative.^[24]

In May 2013,United Technologies Corporation (UTC) sold its Pratt & Whitney Power Systems unit toMitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI).^[25]

International Aero Engines is a joint venture that develops, builds and services theV2500 aero engine family, which powers theAirbus A320 family (current engine option) andMcDonnell Douglas MD-90 aircraft. The four founding engine manufacturers that make up IAE each contribute an individual module to the V2500 engine. Pratt & Whitney produces the combustor and high-pressure turbine,Rolls-Royce the high-pressure compressor,JAEC the fan and low-pressure compressor andMTU the low-pressure turbine.

Engine Alliance, a 50/50 joint venture betweenGeneral Electric and Pratt & Whitney, was formed in August 1996 to develop, manufacture and support a family of modern technologyengines for new high-capacity, long-rangeaircraft.^[26] The main application is theGP7200, designed for use on theAirbus A380. It competes with theRolls-Royce Trent 900, the launch engine for the aircraft.

The first GP7200-powered Airbus A380 entered service with Emirates on August 1, 2008, on a non-stop flight from Dubai to New York City.^[27]

Between 1967 and 1971, Pratt & Whitney turbine engines were used inFormula One andAmerican Championship Car Racing. TheSTP-Paxton Turbocar dominated the1967 Indianapolis 500 until a transmission bearing failed four laps from the finish.STP entered fourLotus 56s in the1968 Indianapolis 500. One car crashed during a qualifying session. Two of the remaining cars qualified fastest and second fastest, but all three retired from the race.^[28] Turbine cars were deemed illegal before the following year's race, so Lotus chiefColin Chapman developed the car for use in Formula One and an updated 56B competed in a half dozen Formula One races in 1971.^[29]

• PW FT-12 fromJT12
• Pratt & Whitney GG3/FT3 fromJT3DJT3C
• Pratt & Whitney GG4/FT4 fromJ75
• Pratt & Whitney FT8 fromJT8D
• PW ST16 fromJT8D PWC
• Pratt & Whitney ST18M – based onPratt & Whitney Canada PW100
• Pratt & Whitney ST40M – based onPratt & Whitney Canada PW150A. Used, for example, on private yachts.^[31]

Pratt & Whitney now markets itsEcopower pressure-washing service, which uses a high-pressure water spray run through severalnozzles to clean grime and contaminants from jet engine parts, most notably turbine blades, to prevent overheating, improve engine operating efficiency and reduce fuel burn. The system collects the runoff from the washing process for appropriate disposal. The washing is accomplished at the airport tarmac in about one hour. Customers includeUnited Airlines,Air India,Martinair,Thai Airways International,Virgin Atlantic, andJetBlue.^{[32][33][34][35][36]}

• List of aircraft engine manufacturers
• Mirabel Aerospace Centre
• Pierre Henry (painter)—Past Vice President of Communications with Pratt & Whitney
• Turkish Engine Center

• Fernandez, Ronald (1983),Excess Profits: The Rise of United Technologies, Boston: Addison-Wesley,ISBN 9780201104844.
• Neumann, Gerhard (2004) [1984],Herman the German: Just Lucky I Guess, Bloomington, IN, USA: Authorhouse,ISBN 1-4184-7925-X.A republishing of the 1984 memoir titledHerman the German: Enemy Alien U.S. Army Master Sergeant [Morrow, New York, NY, USA], with a new title but with minor or no textual changes.
• The Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Story (Second ed.). Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division. July 1952. Retrieved6 July 2018.

• Official website 
• Japan Turbine Technologies, a subsidiary of Pratt & Whitney