Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Wikipedia

Neo-Freudianism

(Redirected fromPost-Freudianism)

Neo-Freudianism is apsychoanalytic approach derived from the influence ofSigmund Freud but extending his theories towards typically social or cultural aspects ofpsychoanalysis over the biological.[1]

Theneo-Freudianschool ofpsychiatrists andpsychologists were a group of loosely linked Americantheorists/writers of the mid-20th century "who attempted to restate Freudian theory insociological terms and to eliminate its connections withbiology."[2]

Dissidents and post-Freudians

edit

Dissidents

edit

The termneo-Freudian is sometimes loosely (but inaccurately[citation needed]) used to refer to those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theory ofpsychoanalysis but laterdissented from it. "The best-known of these dissenters areAlfred Adler andCarl Jung.… The Dissidents."[3]

An interest in the social approach topsychodynamics was the major theme linking the so-called neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler had perhaps been "the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic self."[4]: 61  Following "Adler's death, some of his views…came to exert considerable influence on the neo-Freudian theory."[5] Indeed, it has been suggested of "Horney andSullivan ... that these theorists could be more accurately described as 'neo-Adlerians' than 'neo-Freudians'."[4]: 54 

Post-Freudians

edit

TheIndependent Analysts Group of theBritish Psycho-Analytical Society ("Contemporary Freudians") are—like theego-psychologists (e.g.Heinz Hartmann) or theintersubjective analysts in the States—perhaps best thought of as "different schools of psychoanalytic thought,"[6] or as "Post-Freudians…post-Freudian developments."[7] They are distinct from theKleinian schools of thought and include figures such asChristopher Bollas,D. W. Winnicott, andAdam Phillips.[8]

Neo-Freudian ideas

edit

History

edit

As early as 1936,Erich Fromm had been independently regretting that psychoanalysts "did not concern themselves with the variety of life experience…and therefore did not try to explain psychic structure as determined bysocial structure."[9]Karen Horney, too, "emphasised the roleculture exerts in the development of personality and downplayed the classical driven features outlined by Freud."[4]: 61 

Erik H. Erikson, for his part, stressed that "psychoanalysis today is…shifting its emphasis…to the study of theego's roots in thesocial organisation," and that its method should be "what H. S. Sullivan called 'participant', and systematically so."[10]

Doctor andpsychotherapistHarald Schultz-Hencke (1892–1953) was thoroughly busy with questions like impulse and inhibition and with the therapy ofpsychoses as well as theinterpretation of dreams. He worked withMatthias Göring in his institute (Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie), and created the nameNeopsychoanalyse in 1945.[11] The "Neo-Freudian revolt against the orthodox theory ofinstincts" was thus anchored in a sense of whatHarry Stack Sullivan termed "our incredibly culture-ridden life."[12] By their writings, and "in accessible prose, Fromm, Horney, and others mounted a cultural and socialcritique which became almostconventional wisdom."[13]

Through informal and more formal institutional links, such as theWilliam Alanson White Institute, as well as through likeness of ideas, the neo-Freudians made up a cohesively distinctive and influential psychodynamic movement.

Basic anxiety

edit

Karen Horney theorized that to deal withbasic anxiety, the individual has three options:[14]

  1. Moving toward others: Accept the situation and become dependent on others. This strategy may entail an exaggerated desire for approval or affection.
  2. Moving against others: Resist the situation and become aggressive. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for power, exploitation of others, recognition, or achievement.
  3. Moving away from others: Withdraw from others and become isolated. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for self-sufficiency, privacy, or independence.

Basic personality

edit

The neo-FreudianAbram Kardiner was primarily interested in learning how a specific society acquires adaptation concerning its environment. He does this by forming within its members what he names a "basic personality." The "basic personality" can initially be traced to the operation of primary institutions. It ultimately creates clusters of unconscious motivations in the specific individual "which in turn are projected in the form of secondary institutions," such as reality systems. The basic personality finds expression in the secondary institutions.[15]

Criticism

edit

"Fenichel developed a stringent theoretical critique of the neo-Freudians",[16] which informed and fed into the way "Herbert Marcuse, in his 'Critique of Neo-Freudian Revisionism'...icily examines the tone of uplift and the Power of Positive Thinking that pervades the revisionists' writings, and mocks their claims to scientific seriousness."[17]

In comparable fashion, "an article…by MrEdward Glover, entitledFreudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander"[18] equally used the term as a form of orthodox reproach.

In the wake of such contemporary criticism, a "consistent critique levelled at most theorists cited above is that they compromise the intrapersonal interiority of the psyche;" but one may accept nonetheless that "they have contributed an enduring and vital collection of standpoints relating to the human subject."[4]: 66 

Influence, successors, and offshoots

edit

In 1940,Carl Rogers had launched what would becomeperson-centred psychotherapy, "crediting its roots in the therapy ofRank...& in the neo-Freudian analysts—especiallyKaren Horney."[19]: 109  A decade later, he would report that it had "developed along somewhat different paths than the psychotherapeutic views of Horney or Sullivan, or Alexander and French, yet there are many threads of interconnection with these modern formulations of psychoanalytic thinking."[19]: 279 

A half-century further on, whether by direct or by indirect influence, "consistent with the traditions of these schools, current theorists of the social and psychodynamic self are working in the spaces between social and political theory and psychoanalysis"[20] once again.

Cultural offshoots

edit

In his skit on Freud's remark that "if my name were Oberhuber, my innovations would have found far less resistance,"[21]Peter Gay, considering the notional eclipse of "Oberhuber" by his replacement Freud, adjudged that "the prospect that deviants would have to be called neo-Oberhuberians, or Oberhuberian revisionists, contributed to the master's decline."[22]

Neo-Freudians

edit

Others with possible neo-Freudian links

edit

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^"neo-Freudian,adj."APA Dictionary of Psychology. US:American Psychological Association. 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  2. ^Rycroft, Charles. 1995.A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London. p. 60.
  3. ^Berne, Eric. 1976.A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis. Middlesex. pp. 277, 298.
  4. ^abcdBrinich, Paul, and Christopher Shelley. 2002.The Self and Personality Structure. Buckingham.
  5. ^Zangwill, O. "Freud." InThe Oxford Companion to the Mind, edited byR. Gregory. Oxford:Oxford University Press. p. 269.
  6. ^Padel, John H. 1987. "Freudianism: Later Developments." InThe Oxford Companion to the Mind, edited byR. Gregory. Oxford:Oxford University Press. p. 270.
  7. ^Quinodox, Jean-Michel. 2005.Reading Freud. London. p, ix.
  8. ^Casement, Patrick. 1996.Further Learning from the Patient. London. p. 177n.
  9. ^Quoted in Adam Phillips,On Flirtation (London 1994) p. 132
  10. ^Erikson, Erik H. 1973.Childhood and Society. Middlesex. pp. 13–14.
  11. ^de Mijolla, Alain. 2005.International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (1st ed.), 3 vols. USA:Macmillan Reference.ISBN 0-02-865927-9.
  12. ^Birnbach, Martin. 1961.Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford. p. 50.
  13. ^Jacoby, Russell. 1986.The Repression of Psychoanalysis: Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians. Chicago. p. 153.
  14. ^Carlson, N. R. 2010.Psychology, the science of behaviour (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Education. p. 459.
  15. ^Lunksy, L.L. 1963. "Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy."Archives of Internal Medicine 111(5):680–80. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  16. ^Jacoby,Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians p. 153
  17. ^Malcolm, Janet. 1988.Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession. London. p. 28.
  18. ^Lacan, Jacques. 1994.The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. London. p. 174.
  19. ^abKirschenbaum, Howard. 2007.The Life and Work of Carl Rogers. Ross-on-Wye.
  20. ^Wolfenstein 1993; Chodorow 1994; Hinshelwood 1996, as cited in Brinich, Paul, and Christopher Shelley. 2002.The Self and Personality Structure. Buckingham. p. 66.
  21. ^Quoted in Peter Gay,Reading Freud (London 1990) p. 160
  22. ^Gay (1990), p. 163

General sources

edit
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp