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Portal:Switzerland

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Wikipedia portal for content related to Switzerland

The Switzerland Portal

Drapeau suisse
Drapeau suisse
Map of Switzerland
The Aletsch Glacier. Swiss Pines (Pinus cembra) are visible in the foreground.
The Aletsch Glacier. Swiss Pines (Pinus cembra) are visible in the foreground.
Location of Switzerland

Switzerland, officially theSwiss Confederation, is alandlocked country located in west-centralEurope. It is bordered byItaly to the south,France to the west,Germany to the north, andAustria andLiechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among theSwiss Plateau, theAlps and theJura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's nearly9 million people are concentrated on the plateau, which hostsits largest cities and economic centres, includingZurich,Geneva, andLausanne.

Switzerland is afederal republic composed of26 cantons, with federal authorities based inBern. It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian andRomansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such asfederalism anddirect democracy, andAlpine symbolism. Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as aWillensnation ("nation of volition") rather than anation state.

Switzerland originates from theOld Swiss Confederacy established in theLate Middle Ages as adefensive and commercial alliance; theFederal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. The confederation steadilyexpanded and consolidated despite external threats and internalpolitical and religious strife. Swiss independence from theHoly Roman Empire was formally recognised in thePeace of Westphalia in 1648. The confederation was among the first and few republics of theearly modern period, and the only one besidesSan Marino to survive theNapoleonic Wars.

Switzerland remained a network of self-governing states until 1798, whenrevolutionary France invaded andimposed thecentralistHelvetic Republic.Napoleon abolished the republic in 1803 andreinstated a confederation. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Switzerlandrestored its pre-revolutionary system, butby 1830 faced growing divisionand conflict between liberal and conservative movements; this culminated in anew constitution in 1848 that established the current federal system and enshrined principles such as individual rights, separation of powers, and parliamentary bicameralism. (Full article...)

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Thebattle of Hard was the first major battle of the Swabian War. Illustration from theLuzerner Schilling of 1513.

TheSwabian War of 1499 (Alemannic German:Schwoobechrieg (spelling depending on dialect), calledSchwabenkrieg orSchweizerkrieg ("Swiss War") inGermany andEngadiner Krieg ("War of theEngadin" inAustria) was the last major armed conflict between theOld Swiss Confederacy and theHouse of Habsburg. What had begun as a local conflict over the control of theVal Müstair and theUmbrail Pass in theGrisons soon got out of hand when both parties called upon their allies for help; the Habsburgs demanding the support of theSwabian League, while the Federation of theThree Leagues of the Grisons turning to the SwissEidgenossenschaft. Hostilities quickly spread from the Grisons through theRhine valley toLake Constance and even to theSundgau in southernAlsace, the westernmost part of the Habsburg region ofFurther Austria.

Many battles were fought from January to July 1499, and in all but a few minor skirmishes, the experienced Swiss soldiers defeated the Swabian and Habsburg armies. After their victories in theBurgundian Wars, the Swiss had battle tested troops and commanders. On the Swabian side, distrust between theknights and theirfoot soldiers, disagreements amongst the military leadership, and a general reluctance to fight a war that even the Swabian counts considered to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of theHoly Roman Empire proved fatal handicaps. When his military high commander fell in thebattle of Dornach, where the Swiss won a final decisive victory, EmperorMaximilian I had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on September 22, 1499, inBasel. The treaty granted the Confederacy far-reaching independence from the empire. Although theEidgenossenschaft officially remained a part of the empire until theTreaty of Westphalia in 1648, thepeace of Basel exempted it from the imperial jurisdiction and imperial taxes and thusde facto acknowledged it as a separate political entity. (Full article...)

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TheGrisons (/ɡriːˈzɒ̃/;French:[ɡʁizɔ̃]) orGraubünden (German:[ɡraʊˈbʏndn̩]ⓘ), more formally theCanton of the Grisons or theCanton of Graubünden, is one of the twenty-sixcantons ofSwitzerland. It has eleven districts, and its capital isChur. TheGerman name of the canton,Graubünden, translates as the "Grey Leagues", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, theThree Leagues. The other native names also refer to theGrey League:Grischùn inSutsilvan,Grischun in the other forms ofRomansh, andGrigioni inItalian.Rhaetia is the Latin name for the area. TheAlpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.

The largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland, it is also one of the three large southernAlpine cantons, along withValais andTicino. It is the most diverse canton in terms of natural and cultural geography, as it encompasses both sides of the Alps and several natural and cultural regions. The diversity of the canton is often compared to that of Switzerland as a whole and warrants it the name of "Little Switzerland". The Grisons is bordered by four cantons as well asAustria,Italy andLiechtenstein. (Full article...)

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Topographic map of Switzerland highlighting the location of the battle

TheBattle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of theArmy of the Danube and elements of theHabsburg army, commanded byFriedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during theWar of the Second Coalition, part of theFrench Revolutionary Wars. The small town ofWinterthur lies 18 kilometers (11 mi) northeast ofZürich, in Switzerland. Because of its position at the junction of seven roads, the army that held the town controlled access to most of Switzerland and points crossing the Rhine into southern Germany. Although the forces involved were small, the ability of the Austrians to sustain their 11-hour assault on the French line resulted in the consolidation of three Austrian forces on the plateau north of Zürich, leading to the Frenchdefeat a few days later.

By mid-May 1799, the Austrians had wrested control of parts ofSwitzerland from the French as forces under the command of Hotze and CountHeinrich von Bellegarde pushed them out of theGrisons. After defeatingJean-Baptiste Jourdan's 25,000-manArmy of the Danube at the battles ofOstrach andStockach, the main Austrian army, under command ofArchduke Charles, crossed theRhine at the Swiss town ofSchaffhausen and prepared to unite with the armies of Hotze andFriedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf, on the plains surrounding Zürich. (Full article...)

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Related portals

Switzerland-related topics

Politics of Switzerland
Swiss Federal Council -Federal Assembly of Switzerland -List of political parties in Switzerland -Elections in Switzerland -Foreign relations of Switzerland -Swiss Armed Forces

Geography of Switzerland
Swiss Alps -Swiss plateau -Jura Mountains -List of lakes of Switzerland -List of rivers of Switzerland -List of glaciers in Switzerland -List of mountains of Switzerland -List of mountain passes in Switzerland -List of cities in Switzerland -Municipalities of Switzerland

History of Switzerland
Federal Charter of 1291 -Wilhelm Tell -The Early history of Switzerland -The Swiss Confederacy from 1291-1516 -The Reform -Early Modern Switzerland -Switzerland in the Napoleonic era -The Helvetic Republic -The Return of the Federation -A federal Republic -Switzerland during the World Wars -"Operation Tannenbaum" -Modern Switzerland

Cantons of Switzerland
Aargau -Appenzell Ausserrhoden -Appenzell Innerrhoden -Basel-Landschaft -Basel-Stadt -Bern -Fribourg -Geneva -Glarus -Graubünden -Jura -Lucerne -Neuchâtel -Nidwalden -Obwalden -St. Gallen -Schaffhausen -Schwyz -Solothurn -Thurgau -Ticino -Uri -Valais -Vaud -Zug -Zürich

Economy of Switzerland
List of Swiss companies -Swiss franc -Banking in Switzerland -Transportation in Switzerland -Energy in Switzerland -World Economic Forum -Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH -Tourism in Switzerland

Education in Switzerland
List of universities in Switzerland -Dual education system -Science and technology in Switzerland -CERN

Culture of Switzerland
German -French -Italian -Romansh -Swiss German -Francoprovençal -Music of Switzerland -Swiss cuisine -Swiss literature -SRG SSR idée suisse -Röstigraben -Sport in Switzerland

Swiss people (list)
David Aebischer -Ursula Andress -Jakob Bernoulli -Le Corbusier -Louis Chevrolet -Carla Del Ponte -Henry Dunant -Herzog & de Meuron -Friedrich Dürrenmatt -Albert Einstein -Leonhard Euler -Roger Federer -Marc Forster -Martin Gerber -Alberto Giacometti -Martina Hingis -Arthur Honegger -Carl Gustav Jung -Paul Klee -Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi -Clay Regazzoni -Jean-Jacques Rousseau -Mark Streit -Huldrych Zwingli

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