As a human endeavor, engineering has existed since ancient times, starting with the six classicsimple machines. Examples of large-scale engineering projects from antiquity include impressive structures like thepyramids, elegant temples such as theParthenon, and water conveyances likehulled watercraft,canals, and theRoman aqueduct. Early machines were powered by humans and animals, then later by wind. Machines of war were invented forsiegecraft. In Europe, thescientific andindustrial revolutions advanced engineering into a scientific profession and resulted in continuing technological improvements. Thesteam engine provided much greater power than animals, leading to mechanical propulsion for ships and railways. Further scientific advances resulted in the application of engineering to electrical, chemical, andaerospace requirements, plus the use of new materials for greater efficiencies.
The wordengineering is derived from theLatiningenium. Engineers typically follow a code of ethics that favors honesty and integrity, while being dedicated to publicsafety andwelfare. Engineering tasks involve findingoptimal solutions based on constraints, with testing andsimulations being used prior to production. When a deployed product fails,forensic engineering is used to determine what went wrong in order to find a fix. Much of thisproduct lifecycle management is now assisted with computersoftware, fromdesign totesting andmanufacturing. At larger scales, this process normally funded by a company, multiple investors, or the government, so a knowledge of economics and business practices is needed. (Full article...)
Anengineer is a practitioner ofengineering. The wordengineer (Latiningeniator, Ir is the term and or title of an engineer in countries like Belgium, The Netherlands, and Indonesia) is derived from the Latin wordsingeniare ("to contrive, devise") andingenium ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-yearbachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, amaster's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations. (Full article...)
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The history ofdraining and development of the Everglades dates back to the 19th century. During theSecond Seminole War beginning in 1836, the United States military's mission was to seek outSeminole people in the Everglades and capture or kill them. Those missions gave the military the opportunity to map land that seemed to frustrate and confound them at every turn. A national push for expansion and progress toward the latter part of the 19th century stimulated interest in draining theEverglades for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do."(Full article...)
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixedcross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through adie of the desired cross-section. The two main advantages of this process over other manufacturing processes are its ability to create very complex cross-sections, and to work materials that are brittle, because the material only encounterscompressive andshear stresses. It also forms parts with an excellent surface finish.
Bell was an energetic and skilful entrepreneur as well as an innovativemetallurgist. He was involved in multiple partnerships with his brothers to make iron andalkali chemicals, and with other pioneers includingRobert Stirling Newall to make steel cables. He pioneered the large-scale manufacture of aluminium at his Washington works, conducting experiments in its production, and in the production of other chemicals such as the newly discovered elementthallium. He was a director of major companies including theNorth Eastern Railway and theForth Bridge company, then the largest bridge project in the world. (Full article...)
Nichols remained with the Manhattan Project after the war until it was taken over by theAtomic Energy Commission in 1947. He was the military liaison officer with the Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1947. After briefly teaching at theUnited States Military Academy at West Point, he was promoted to major general and became chief of theArmed Forces Special Weapons Project, responsible for the military aspects of atomic weapons, including logistics, handling and training. He was deputy director for the Atomic Energy Matters, Plans and Operations Division of the Army's general staff, and was the senior Army member of the military liaison committee that worked with the Atomic Energy Commission. (Full article...)
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Schematic representation of the Dirac delta function by a line surmounted by an arrow. The height of the arrow is usually meant to specify the value of any multiplicative constant, which will give the area under the function. The other convention is to write the area next to the arrowhead. Inmathematical analysis, theDirac delta function (ordistribution), also known as theunit impulse, is ageneralized function on thereal numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whoseintegral over the entire real line is equal to one. Thus it can berepresented heuristically as such that
Since there is no function having this property, modelling the delta "function" rigorously involves the use oflimits or, as is common in mathematics,measure theory and the theory ofdistributions. (Full article...)
Introduced in 2003, HDMI largely replaced olderanalog video standards such ascomposite video,S-Video, andVGA inconsumer electronics. It was developed based on theCEA-861 standard, which was also used with the earlierDigital Visual Interface (DVI). HDMI is electrically compatible with DVI video signals, andadapters allow interoperability between the two without signal conversion or loss of quality. Adapters and active converters are also available for connecting HDMI to other video interfaces, including the older analog formats, as well as digital formats such asDisplayPort. (Full article...)
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Raymix during a 2024 concert
Edmundo Gómez Moreno (born 17 February 1991), known professionally asRaymix, is a Mexican musician andaerospace engineer. NicknamedEl Rey de la Electrocumbia ("The King of Electrocumbia"), he started his music career in the early 2010s as part of the trance project Light & Wave, alongside two other Mexican musicians. Their song "Feeling the City" was featured onA State of Trance, a radio showArmin van Buuren hosts. In 2013, Raymix participated in an educational internship atNASA, where he contributed to the development of a satellite.
Project Alberta was formed in March 1945, and consisted of 51 United States Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, including one British scientist. Its mission was three-fold. It first had to design a bomb shape for delivery by air, then procure and assemble it. It supported the ballistic testing work atWendover Army Air Field, Utah, conducted by the216th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Project W-47), and the modification ofB-29s to carry the bombs (ProjectSilverplate). After completion of its development and training missions, Project Alberta was attached to the509th Composite Group atNorth Field, Tinian, where it prepared facilities, assembled and loaded the weapons, and participated in their use. (Full article...)
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Avoltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice the voltage is produced at the output as at its input.
The simplest of these circuits is a form ofrectifier which takes an AC voltage as input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. The switching elements are simple diodes and they are driven to switch state merely by the alternating voltage of the input. DC-to-DC voltage doublers cannot switch in this way and require a driving circuit to control the switching. They frequently also require a switching element that can be controlled directly, such as atransistor, rather than relying on the voltage across the switch as in the simple AC-to-DC case. (Full article...)
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The Avrocar S/N58-7055 (markedAV-7055) on its rollout.
TheAvro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar is aVTOL aircraft developed byAvro Canada as part of a secret U.S. military project carried out in the early years of theCold War. The Avrocar intended to exploit theCoandă effect to provide lift and thrust from a single "turborotor" blowing exhaust out of the rim of the disk-shaped aircraft. In the air, it would have resembled aflying saucer.
Originally designed as afighter-like aircraft capable of very high speeds and altitudes, the project was repeatedly scaled back over time and theU.S. Air Force eventually abandoned it. Development was then taken up by theU.S. Army for a tactical combat aircraft requirement, a sort of high-performancehelicopter. In flight testing, the Avrocar proved to have unresolved thrust and stability problems that limited it to a degraded, low-performanceflight envelope; subsequently, the project was cancelled in September 1961. (Full article...)
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1869 Birdsill Holly fire-hydrant Birdsill Holly Jr. (November 8, 1820 – April 27, 1894) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor of waterhydraulics devices. He is known for inventing mechanical devices that improved city water systems and patented an improved fire hydrant that is similar to those used currently for firefighting. Holly was a co-inventor of the Silsbysteam fire engine. He founded the Holly Manufacturing Company that developed into the larger Holly Steam Combination Company that distributed heat from a central station and developed commercialdistrict heating for cities in the United States and Canada. (Full article...)
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ODB++ is a proprietaryCAD-to-CAM data exchange format used in the design and manufacture of electronic devices. Its purpose is to exchangeprinted circuit board design information between design and manufacturing and between design tools from differentEDA/ECAD vendors. It was originally developed by Valor Computerized Systems, Ltd. (acquired in 2010 byMentor Graphics which was later acquired bySiemens in 2016) as the job description format for their CAM system.
ODB stands for opendatabase, but its openness is disputed, as discussed below. The '++' suffix, evocative ofC++, was added in 1997 with the addition of component descriptions. There are two versions of ODB++: the original (now controlled by Mentor) and anXML version called ODB++(X) that Valor developed and donated to theIPC organization in an attempt to merge GenCAM (IPC-2511) and ODB++ into Offspring (IPC-2581). (Full article...)
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Replica of the original Fat Man bomb
"Fat Man" (also known asMark III) was the design of thenuclear weapon the United States used for seven of the first eight nuclear weapons ever detonated in history. It is also the most powerful design to ever be used in warfare.
The tubes were constructed using theshield method and are each 6,550 feet (2,000 m) long and 15.5 feet (4.7 m) wide. The interiors are lined with cast-iron "rings" formed with concrete. The tubes descend 91 to 95 feet (28 to 29 m) below themean high water level of the East River, with a maximum gradient of 3.1 percent. During the tunnel's construction, a house at58 Joralemon Street in Brooklyn was converted into a ventilation building and emergency exit. (Full article...)
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The2009 North Korean nuclear test was theunderground detonation of anuclear device conducted on Monday, 25 May 2009 by North Korea. This was its second nuclear test, thefirst test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons.
Image 5The application of the steam engine allowed coke to be substituted for charcoal iniron making, lowering the cost of iron, which provided engineers with a new material for building bridges. This bridge was made ofcast iron, which was soon displaced by less brittlewrought iron as a structural material. (fromEngineering)
Image 20Archimedes is regarded as one of the leading scientists inclassical antiquity whose ideas have underpinned much of the practice of engineering. (fromEngineer)
Image 25A drawing for asteam locomotive. Engineering is applied todesign, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science. (fromEngineering)
Image 27Design of aturbine requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. Theblades,rotor and stator as well as thesteam cycle all need to be carefully designed and optimized. (fromEngineering)
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