Peng'im[1] (simplified Chinese:潮州话拼音方案;traditional Chinese:潮州話拼音方案:Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew)Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow),Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ orTiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ,Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ orTiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is aTeochew dialect romanization system as a part ofGuangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on theSwatow dialect. The system uses theLatin alphabet to transcribe pronunciation and numbers to notetones.
Before that, another system calledPe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity withHokkien, anotherSouthern Min variety,Pe̍h-ōe-jī andTai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The namePeng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.
Contents
editAlphabet
editThis system uses theLatin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e withcircumflex.
Initials
editThere are 18initials.Syllables not starting with consonants are calledzero initials.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiced (no frictions) | nasal | m[m] 毛 | n[n] 年 | ng[ŋ] 雅 | |
plosive orlateral | bh[b] 米 | l[l] 來/內 | gh[g] 鵝/牙 | ||
Voicelessstops | aspirated | p[pʰ] 皮 | t[tʰ] 臺 | k[kʰ] 可 | |
plain | b[p] 比 | d[t] 都 | g[k] 歌 | [ʔ] | |
Voicelessaffricates | aspirated | c[tsʰ] 菜 | |||
plain | z[ts] 書 | ||||
Fricatives | s[s] 士/速 | h[h] 海/系 | |||
r[(d)z] 爾 |
b and g can also be used as ending consonants.
Finals
editThere are 59 finals :
Finals of Teochew dialect | |||
---|---|---|---|
Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
Open Syllable | i[i] 衣 | u[u] 汙 | |
a[a] 亞 | ia[ia] 呀 | ua[ua] 娃 | |
o[o] 窩 | io[io] 腰 | ||
ê[e] 啞 | uê[ue] 鍋 | ||
e[ɯ] 余 | |||
ai[ai] 哀 | uai[uai] 歪 | ||
oi[oi] 鞋 | ui[ui] 威 | ||
ao[au] 歐 | |||
ou[ou] 烏 | iou[iou] 夭 | ||
iu[iu] 憂 | |||
Nasal vowel | in[ĩ] 丸 | ||
an[ã] 噯 | ian[ĩã] 營 | uan[ũã] 鞍 | |
ion[ĩõ] 羊 | |||
ên[ẽ] 楹 | |||
en[ɯ̃] 秧 | |||
ain[ãĩ] 愛 | |||
oin[õĩ] 閑 | |||
Nasal Coda | im[im] 音 | ||
am[am][庵][2] | iam[iam] 淹 | uam[uam] 凡 | |
ing[iŋ] 因 | ung[uŋ] 溫 | ||
ang[aŋ] 按 | iang[iaŋ] 央 | uang[uaŋ] 汪 | |
ong[oŋ] 翁 | iong[ioŋ] 雍 | ||
êng[eŋ] 英 | |||
Checked tone | ih[iʔ] 裂 | ||
ah[aʔ] 鴨 | iah[iaʔ] 益 | uah[uaʔ] 活 | |
oh[oʔ] 學 | ioh[ioʔ] 約 | ||
êh[eʔ] 厄 | |||
oih[oiʔ] 狹 | |||
ib[ip̚] 邑 | |||
ab[ap̚] 盒 | iab[iap̚] 壓 | uab[uap̚] 法 | |
ig[ik̚] 乙 | ug[uk̚] 熨 | ||
ag[ak̚] [惡][2] | iag[iak̚] 躍 | uag[uak̚] 蕕[獲][2] | |
og[ok̚] 屋 | iog[iok̚] 育 | ||
êg[ek̚] 液 |
Tones
edit8 tones of Teochew dialect[3] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tones | 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) |
Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 |
Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 |
Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Notations[4] | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have toploudness.[5][6] For example:
- 詩 - si1
- 死 - si2
- 世 - si3
- 薛 - sih4
Differences in rime
editThis is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone inRaoping is almost same as inSwatow.[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning[8] | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
e | e | u | i | 餘,許,豬,祠 | ||||
oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | |||||
uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪,櫃 | ||||
oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒,殿 | ||
oih | eih | 狹 | ||||||
iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖,要 | |||
io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | ||||
ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | ||||
ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借,惜,藥,石 | ||||
am[am] | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | 庵 | |||||
ab[ap] | ag[ak] | ap | 盒 | |||||
iam[iam] | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | 嚴 | ||||
iab[iap] | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | 壓 | ||||
im[im] | ing [iŋ] | im | 音 | |||||
ib[ip] | ig [ik] | ip | 溼 | |||||
ang[aŋ] | ang | 安 | ||||||
ag [ak] | âk | 達 | ||||||
iang[iaŋ] | iêng[ieŋ] | iang | 仙 | |||||
iag [iak] | iêg[iek] | iâk | 傑,設 | |||||
uang[uaŋ] | uêng[ueŋ] | uâng | 全,完,緣,彎 | |||||
uag [uak] | uêg [uek] | uâk | 粵 | |||||
eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 | ||
eg [ɯk] | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | 乞 | ||||
ing[iŋ] | ing | êng[eŋ] | in[in] | 因 | ||||
ung[uŋ] | ung | un[un] | 溫 |
References
edit- ^Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018).An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific.ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.
- ^abc廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典(2005年),第545頁。
- ^Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.
- ^声调.潮州字典,[2012-8-18]
- ^"Teochew · Mogher - 潮州音字典""Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on March 8, 2016. RetrievedJune 19, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). - ^"潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme""Min - Chaozhou Dialect". Archived fromthe original on January 11, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2010., Min-Chaozhou.
- ^潮州話拼音方案(2003年),根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。
- ^根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。