| Parkari Koli | |
|---|---|
| پارڪري ڪولي | |
 | |
| Native to | Sindh province,Pakistan |
Native speakers | (250,000 cited 1995)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kvx |
| Glottolog | park1237 |
TheParkari Koli language (sometimes called justParkari) is anIndo-Aryan language mainly spoken in the province ofSindh,Pakistan. It is spoken in the southeast tip bordering India, in theTharparkar District,Nagarparkar. Most of the lower Thar Desert, west as far as Indus River, bordered north and west byHyderabad, to south and west ofBadin.[1]
77%–83% withMarwari, 83% withWadiyara Koli.[1]
Theorthography was standardized in 1983-84 and used from 1985 onward. It is based on theSindhi alphabet which is itself based on modifications done onPersian alphabet, with three additional letters:[3]
These letters all use an inverted V (like thecircumflex) as thediacritical mark. The decision to introduce this symbole was so that these letters would stand out more clearly in Parkari language, as Sindhi already makes frequent use of dots, including letters having as many as 4. The below table shows the Parkari alphabet. These new letters are shaded in blue. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or areligatures serving a grammatical function. These ligarues include the۽, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and representsand, and the۾, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and it creates a locative relationship between words.
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ا [∅]/[ʔ]/[aː] | ب [b] | ٻ [ɓ] | ڀ [bʱ] | ت [t] | ٿ [tʰ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ٽ [ʈ] | ٺ [ʈʰ] | ث [s] | پ [p] | ج [d͡ʑ] | ڄ [ʄ] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | جهہ [d͡ʑʱ] | ڃ [ɲ] | چ [t͡ɕ] | ڇ [t͡ɕʰ] | ح [h] | خ [x] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | د [d] | ڌ [dʱ] | ۮ [ɗ] | ڏ [ᶑ] | ڊ [ɖ] | ڍ [ɖʱ] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ذ [z] | ر [r] | ۯ [ɭ] | ڙ [ɽ] | ڙهہ [ɽʱ] | ز [z] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | زهہ [zʱ] | ژ [ʒ] | س [s] | ش [ʂ] | ص [s] | ض [z] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ط [t] | ظ [z] | ع [ɑː]/[oː]/[eː]/[ʔ]/[∅] | غ [ɣ] | ف [f] | ڦ [pʰ] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ق [q] | ڪ [k] | ک [kʰ] | گ [ɡ] | ڳ [ɠ] | گهہ [ɡʱ] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ڱ [ŋ] | ل [l] | لهہ [lʱ] | م [m] | مهہ [mʱ] | ن [n]/[◌̃] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | نهہ [nʱ] | ڻ [ɳ] | ڻهہ [ɳʱ] | و [ʋ]/[ʊ]/[oː]/[ɔː]/[uː] | ھ [h] | ۿ [ɦ] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | هـ ه [h] | ـہ ہ [ə]/[ə̤]/[∅] | ء [ʔ]/[∅] | ي [j]/[iː] | ئہ [e] | ۽ [ɛ̃] |
| Perso-Arabic [IPA] | ۾ [mẽ] |
Similar to its parent alphabet,Sindhi, the orthography of the letterhāʾ, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas inArabic andPersian, there exists one single letter forhāʾ, inUrdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants:gol he ("round he") anddo-cašmi he ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ", and can impart the "h" (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (/ɑː/ or/eː/) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (ھ) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.
For most aspirated consonants, Parkari relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consoants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letterhāʾ is also used in Parkari to represent the sound [h] in native Parkari words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (/ə/ or/ə̤/) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Parkari and Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types ofhāʾ across these languages for whichUnicode characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.[5][4]
| Unicode | Letter or Digraphs | IPA | Note | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | |||
| U+06BE | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | ھ | [h] | |
| U+06FF | ـۿ | ـۿـ | ۿـ | ۿ | [ɦ] | Letter unique to Parkari Orthography. |
| U+0647 | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | [h] | Used for borrowed words |
| U+062C + U+0647 | ـجهہ | ـجهـ | جهـ | جهہ | [d͡ʑʱ] | Inisolated andfinal positions, an extrahāʾـہ (U+06C1) is added |
| U+06AF + U+0647 | ـگهہ | ـگهـ | گهـ | گهہ | [ɡʱ] | |
| U+0647 | ـهہ | ـهـ | - | - | [◌ʰ] /[◌ʱ] | Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʱ], [zʱ], [lʱ], [mʱ], [nʱ], [ɳʱ]). Inisolated andfinal positions, an extrahāʾـہ (U+06C1) is added. |
| U+06C1 | ـہ | - | - | ہ | [ə] / [ə̤] / [∅] / | Also added to the letterئہ in isolated and final positions, when representing the short vowel [e]. |
Below text is the translation into Parkari of theNew Testament, specifically a few of the first verses in the second chapter of theGospel of Matthew. This translation has been produced by thePakistan Bible Society, anevangelist NGO that has its organizational roots in territories that formed Pakistan, since the time ofBritish colonization.[6]
| Parkari Koli Language | Sindhi Translation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| (۱) ھيرودِيس ڀادشا را راز ۾ زئيون اِيسُو (عيسیٰ) يھوديہ صُوڀا را بيت لحم شھر ۾ زلميو⹁ تو تيا ڪيڙ ڪئينڪ نزُومِي اڳُوڻليا ملڪ ٿِي اوچتا يرُوشلم (بيت المقدس) شھر ۾ آيا. | (۱) يھوديہ جي بادشاهہ ھيروديس جي ڏينهن ۾ عيسيٰ يھوديہ جي بيتلحم ڳوٺ ۾ پيدا ٿيو. تڏهن ڪي نجومي اوڀر کان يروشلم (بيت المقدس) ۾ آيا | (1) Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, |
| (۲) اُو آوينَ ام پُنسوا لاڳيا: ”اُو ٻاۯ ڪيٿئہ سئہ⹁ جيو يھُويون رو ڀادشا ٿيا ۿارُو پيڌا ٿيوھ؟ ڪم تو امي اُوئا را زلم را نِيشونَ رو تارو اُڳتون ۮيکيو تو⹁ ۽ امي اُوئا رئِي پُوزا ڪروا آياھ.“ | (۲) ۽ اچي پڇيائون تہ ”يھودين جو بادشاهہ جيڪو پيدا ٿيو آھي، سو ڪٿي آھي؟ اسان ھن جو تارو اوڀر ۾ ڏٺو آھي ۽ اسين هن کي سجدو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيا آھيون.“ | (2) Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. |
| (۳) ھيرودِيس ڀادشا نئہ زئيون ھايا وات رئِي کٻرپڙئِي⹁ تئيون اُو الاھي گهڻو پريشونَ ٿيو⹁ ۽ يرُوشلم (بيت المقدس) شھر را ٻڌائي منک پڻ گهڻا پريشونَ ٿيا. | (۳) ھيروديس بادشاھہ جڏھن ھي ٻڌو تہ ھو ۽ يروشلم (بيت المقدس) جا سڀيئي ماڻهو ڏاڍا پريشان ٿيا. | (3) When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. |
| (۴) تيام اُوئہ يھُودِي قُوم رون ٻڌون موٽون پُوزاريون نئہ ۽ شاستر زوڻيا واۯون نئہ آپ ڪن تيڙاوينَ اُوئون ٿِي پُونسيو: ”شاستر پرموڻئہ ڀڳوونَ را سُونڍل ڀچايا واۯا کرِيست (مسيح) رو زلم ڪيٿئہ ٿيشي؟“ | (۴) ھن سڀني سردار ڪاھنن ۽ شريعت جي عالمن کي گهرايو ۽ کانئن پڇيو تہ ”مسيح ڪٿي پيدا ٿيندو؟“ | (4) And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. |
| (۵) تو اُوئي وۯنڌئِي ۮِيڌئِي: ”يھُوديہ صُوڀا را بيت لحم شھر ۾. ڪک تو شاستر ۾ ڀڳوونَ آپرو نياپو ۮِيڌا واۯا ري ھاٿي ام لکايو: | (۵) انهن وراڻيو تہ ”يھوديہ جي بيتلحم ۾، ڇاڪاڻ تہ نبيءَ ھيئن لکيو آھي تہ | (5) And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet, |
| (۶) ’بيت لحم شھر⹁ جيو يھُوديہ عِلاقا ۾ سئہ⹁ اُپ يھُوديہ رون موٽون شھرون ۾ گهڻا مونَ واۯو سئہ. ڪم تو اُوٿئہ ھيڪ ايوو آڳيوونَ پيڌا ٿيشي جيو مارِي سُونڍل اِسرائيلِي قُوم رئِي ۿمڀاۯ ڪرشي.‘“ | (۶) ’اي بيتلحم! يھوديہ جي ملڪ ۾، تون ڪنهن بہ طرح يھوديہ جي شھزادن مان ڪنهن کان بہ ننڍو نہ آھين، ڇاڪاڻ تہ تو منجهان ھڪ حاڪم نڪرندو، جيڪو منهنجي قوم بني اسرائيل جي رھبري ڪندو.‘“ | And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. |
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