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Parapithecus

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Extinct genus of primates

Parapithecus Temporal range:Eocene-Oligocene,40–33 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Mandible ofP. grangeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Family:	†Parapithecidae
Genus:	†Parapithecus Schlosser, 1910
Species
P. fraasiSchlosser, 1910

Parapithecus is anextinct genus ofprimate that lived during theLate Eocene-Earliest Oligocene in what is nowEgypt. Its members are considered to be basal anthropoids and the genus is closely related toApidium. There are two knownspecies. They lived about 40 to 33 million years ago.^[1]

Description

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Parapithecus had an unusualdentition, which contained no adult lowerincisors.^[2] The upper dentition likely had four incisors.^[3] This means the adultdental formula can be expressed as: Incisors: 2/0; Canines: 1/1; Premolars: 3/3; Molars: 3/3.

Palaeobiology

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Palaeoecology

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Thedental microwear ofParapithecus was most similar to that of modernfrugivorous primates, suggesting thatParapithecus fed mainly on fruits.^[4]

Bibliography

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^Beard CK (2002). "Basal anthropoids". InHartwig, Walter (ed.).The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–149.ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2.
^Simons EL (1 March 1986). "Parapithecus grangeri of the African Oligocene: an archaic catarrhine without lower incisors".Journal of Human Evolution.15 (3):205–213.Bibcode:1986JHumE..15..205S.doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80046-X.ISSN 0047-2484.
^Simons EL (July 2001)."The cranium of Parapithecus grangeri, an Egyptian Oligocene anthropoidean primate".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.98 (14):7892–7897.Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7892S.doi:10.1073/pnas.051003398.PMC 35439.PMID 11438736.
^Teaford, Mark F.; Maas, Mary C.; Simons, Elwyn L. (December 1996)."Dental microwear and microstructure in early oligocene primates from the Fayum, Egypt: Implications for diet".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.101 (4):527–543.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199612)101:4<527::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-S. Retrieved29 October 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.

Haplorhini

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates

Haplorhini

†"Omomyidae"

Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius
Microchoerinae	Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex
"Anaptomorphinae"	Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina
"Omomyinae"	Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius
Tarkadectinae	Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops

Tarsiiformes

†Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"?
Tarsiidae	Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes

- see below↓

Simiiformes

†Afrotarsiidae?

Afrasia
Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae

†Amphipithecidae

†Parapithecoidea

Arsinoea Biretia
Proteopithecidae	Proteopithecus Serapia
Parapithecidae	Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

†Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico
Aotidae	Aotus †Tremacebus
Pitheciidae	†Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix
Atelidae	Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia
Cebidae	†Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus
Callitrichidae	Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus

Catarrhini	see below↓

Catarrhini

†Micropithecus
†Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae

†Propliopithecidae

†Pliopithecoidea

Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi
Pliopithecidae	Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus
Dionysopithecidae	Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus
Crouzeliidae	Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

†Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae

Colobinae

Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecini	Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus
Papionini	Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus

Hominoidea	see below↓

Hominoidea

†Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus
†Dendropithecidae	Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus
Hylobatidae	†Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

†Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus
Ponginae	†Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus

Pan
Hominina	†Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus

Taxon identifiers
Parapithecus	Wikidata:Q1189826 Wikispecies:Parapithecus GBIF:4827078 IRMNG:1304627 Paleobiology Database:40858

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