A city dating back to ancient times, settled by the Celts and the Romans, it was made anepiscopal see in early medieval Hungary. It hasthe oldest university in the country, and is one of its major cultural centers. Pécs has a rich cultural and architectural heritage stemming from 150 years of Ottoman rule, and it contains the largest number of Turkish Ottoman buildings found in any city in Central Europe. It is historically a multi-ethnic city where many cultures have interacted through 2,000 years of history. In recent times, it has been recognized for its cultural heritage, including being named as one of theEuropean Capital of Culture cities. The Roman-eraChristian necropolis in Pécs was inscribed as aWorld Heritage Site in 2000.
The earliest name for the territory was itsRoman name ofSopianæ. The name possibly comes from the plural of the Celticsop meaning "marsh".[citation needed]
The medieval city was first mentioned in 871 under the nameQuinque Basilicae ("five cathedrals".) The name refers to the fact that when constructing the churches of the city, the builders used material from five old Christian chapels. In later Latin documents the city was mentioned asQuinque Ecclesiae ("five churches", a name identical in meaning to the German nameFünfkirchen and the Slovak namePäťkostolie[3]).
The namePécs appears in documents in 1235 in the wordPechyut (with modern spelling:pécsi út, meaning "road to/from Pécs") most likely derives from theProto-Slavic*pęčь or from theIllyrian*penče, both meaning five.[4] In other languages: inLatin,Quinque Ecclesiae; inItalian,Cinquechiese; inCroatian,Pečuh; inSerbian,Печуј (Pečuj); inSlovak,Päťkostolie; inCzech,Pětikostelí; inDutch,Vijfkerken; inGerman,Fünfkirchen; and inTurkish,Peçuy.
Pécs is located in theCarpathian Basin ofCentral Europe, in the center of the southern Hungarian county ofBaranya. It is bordered by theMecsek hills to the north, and by a rolling plain to the south. Pécs has a significantmining past. Mecsek dolomitic water is famous for its steady, balanced high density of minerals.
The city of Pécs is located near the border of Croatia. Its southern part is rather flat whereas its northern part clings to the slope of the Mecsek mountains. It has a very favorable climate, and is bordered by a flourishing woody area. During hot summer nights a cooling air streams down from Mecsek to clean the air of the city.[5]
Pécs is bordered by plains to the south (elevation 120–130 m), while the Mecsek mountains rise up to elevations of 400–600 meters behind the city. Jakab-hill, located in the western Mecsek, is 592 m (1942 ft) tall, Tubes, straight above Pécs, is 612 m (2008 ft) tall, and Misina is 535 m (1755 ft) tall.[6] Higher parts of the city climb up to 200–250 m (656 to 820 ft), mainlyPécsbánya,Szabolcsfalu,Vasas andSomogy. Woody areas generally start from elevations of about 300 m (984 ft). The Mecsek hills are marked by numerous valleys which play a key role in ameliorating the climate of the city in the absence of lakes and rivers. Waters coming down from the Mecsek hills flow into the Pécsi stream under the east–west rail road leading them eventually to theDanube.
The area has been inhabited since ancient times, with the oldest archaeological findings being 6,000 years old. Before the Roman era, the area was inhabited byCelts.
The city ofSopianae was founded byRomans at the beginning of the 2nd century, in an area peopled by Celts andPannoni tribes.
In the early 2nd century, when much of today's western Hungary was a province of theRoman Empire namedPannonia, the Romans founded several wine-producing colonies under the collective name of Sopianae where Pécs now stands.
The centre of Sopianae was where the Bishop's Palace now stands. Some parts of theRoman aqueduct are still visible. When the Roman province of Pannonia was divided into four administrative divisions, Sopianae was named the capital of the division named Valeria.
By the 4th century, Sopianae became the capital ofValeria province and a significantearly Christian centre. The early Christiannecropolis in the city dates back to this era, and the Christian tombs there are unique in their architectural design, consisting of underground burial chambers below above-ground memorial chapels, and are highly decorated with Christian murals.[7] These tombs became aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site in December 2000.[8] By the end of the century, Roman rule weakened in the area, mostly due to attacks by various Barbarian peoples, more prominently theHuns.
A document written inSalzburg in 871 is the first one mentioning the early-medieval city under the nameQuinque Basilicae.[3] During the 9th century, the city was inhabited bySlavs and Avars, and was part of theBalaton Principality, aFrankish vassal state.[9]
According toGyörgy Györffy's theory of place names, after the Hungariansconquered the Carpathian Basin, they retained a semi-nomadic lifestyle, changing pastures between winter and summer.Árpád's winter quarters – clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in 900 – were perhaps in Pécs.[9] Later, when the Comitatus of Baranya was established, the capital of the comitatus was not Pécs but a nearby castle,Baranyavár ('Baranya Castle'). Pécs, however, became an important religious centre and episcopal seat. In Latin documents, the city was mentioned asQuinque Ecclesiae. Around 1000, the area was inhabited by theBlack Magyars. The Deed of Foundation of theDiocese of Pécs was issued in 1009.
Peter Orseolo, the second king of Hungary, was buried in the cathedral in 1046. The location of his grave is unknown. This is because the cathedral burnt down shortly after Pécs hosting the 1064Easter celebrations by KingSolomon, after him making peace with his cousin, the later KingGéza I. The cathedral was rebuilt in the second half of the 11th century and stands until today.
Several religious orders settled down in Pécs. TheBenedictine order was the first in 1076. In 1181, there was already a hospital in the city. The firstDominican monastery of the country was built in Pécs in 1238.
King Louis I the Great founded a university in Pécs in 1367, following the advice ofthe city's bishop, William, who was also the king's chancellor. It was the first university in Hungary. The founding document is almost word for word identical with that of theUniversity of Vienna, stating that the university has the right to teach all arts and sciences, with the exception oftheology.
In 1459,Janus Pannonius, the most important medieval poet of Hungary became the bishop of Pécs. He strengthened the cultural importance of the city.
The greathumanist poet, bishopJanus Pannonius, developed Pécs into one of the cultural and arts centres of the country.[12]
After the 1526Battle of Mohács, in which the invading Ottoman army defeated the armies ofKing Louis II, the armies ofSuleiman occupied Pécs. Not only was a large part of the country occupied by the Ottomans, the public opinion of who should be the king of Hungary was divided, too. One party supported Ferdinand of Habsburg, the other party crownedJohn Zápolya inSzékesfehérvár.[citation needed] The citizens of Pécs supported Ferdinand, but the rest of Baranya county supported John. In the summer of 1527, Ferdinand defeated the armies of Zápolya and was crowned king on November 3. Ferdinand favoured the city because of the support of its citizens, and granted Pécs tax exemption. The city was rebuilt and fortified.[citation needed]
In 1529, the Ottomans captured Pécs again, and went on a campaign against Vienna. The Ottomans forced Pécs to accept King John (who was allied with them) as their ruler. John died in 1540. In 1541, the Ottomans occupied the castle ofBuda and orderedIsabella, the widow of John, to cede Pécs to them, due to the city's strategic importance.[citation needed] The citizens of Pécs defended the city against the Ottomans and swore loyalty to Ferdinand.[citation needed] The emperor helped the city and defended it from further Ottoman attacks, but his advisers persuaded him into focusing more on the cities ofSzékesfehérvár andEsztergom instead of Pécs. Pécs was preparing for the siege, but a day before, Flemish andWalloon mercenaries fled from the city and raided the nearby lands. The next day, in June 1543, the bishop himself went to the Ottomans with the keys of the city.[citation needed]
After occupying the city, the Ottomans fortified it and turned it into a truly Ottoman city. The churches were turned intomosques, complete withminarets;Turkish baths and were built,Qur'an schools were founded, and there was abazaar in place of the market.[citation needed] For one hundred years the city was an island of peace in a land of war. It was the central city of asanjak, at first in theBudin Eyalet and later, as "Peçuy", in theKanije Eyalet.
The Ottoman chroniclerİbrahim Peçevi (Ibrahim of Pécs), whose work forms the main body of reference for Ottoman history between 1520 and 1640, was a native of the city.[13]
In 1664,Croat-Hungarian nobleman Nicholas Zrínyi arrived in Pécs with his army. Since the city was well into the Ottoman territories, they knew that even if they occupied it, they could not keep it for long, so they planned only to pillage it. They ravaged and burned the city but could not occupy the castle. Mediaeval Pécs was destroyed forever, except for the wall encircling the historical city, a singlebastion (Barbakán), the network of tunnels andcatacombs beneath the city (partially closed down, and partially in possession of the famous Litke champagne factory, which can be visited today).[citation needed] Several Turkish structures also survived, namely three mosques, two minarets, remnants of a bath over the ancient Christian tombs near the cathedral, and several houses, one with a stone cannonball embedded in the wall.[citation needed]
In the 1686Siege of Pécs, the Austrian army finally recovered the city from the Ottoman Turks. After wresting the castle of Buda from Ottoman rule, the Christian armies went on to capture Pécs. The vanguard managed to break into the city and pillaged it.[citation needed] The Ottomans saw that they could not hold the city, burnt it and withdrew into the castle. The army led byLouis of Baden occupied the city on 14 October and destroyed the aqueduct leading to the castle. The Ottomans had no other choice but to surrender, which they did on 22 October.
The city was undermartial law under the command ofKarl von Thüngen [de]. The Viennese court wanted to destroy the city first, but later they decided to keep it to counterbalance the importance ofSzigetvár, which was still under Ottoman rule. Slowly the city started to prosper again, but in the1690s two plague epidemics claimed many lives. In 1688,German settlers arrived. Only about one-quarter of the city's population was Hungarian, the others were Germans orSouthern Slavs. The census of taxpayers from 1698 lists 637 families, for which Janja Živković Mandić concludes that 308 were of Croatian nationality (CatholicCroats,Racs,Šokci,Bunjevci,Illyrians,Slavs,Bosniaks[clarification needed]) and the remaining 329 were Hungarians, Germans, Serbs or Greeks. According to same census, István Tabo mentions 171 Hungarian, 349 Slavs and 79 Germans while Đuro Šarošac mentions that at that time in the city lived 325 Croats, 139 Hungarians, 92 Germans, 53Vlachs and 28 Serbs.[14] According to 1698 data,South Slavs comprised more than half of the town's population. Because Hungarians were only a minority, Pécs did not support the revolution against Habsburg rule led byFrancis II Rákóczi, and his armies pillaged the city in 1704.
Pécs Main Square before 2009Baranya County HallVasváry-HouseSzéchenyi Square
A more peaceful era started after 1710. Industry, trade and viticulture prospered, manufactories were founded, a new city hall was built. The feudal lord of the city was theBishop of Pécs, but the city wanted to free itself from episcopal control. BishopGeorge Klimó, an enlightened man (who founded the firstpublic library of the country) would have agreed to cede his rights to the city, but theHoly See forbade him to do so. When Klimó died in 1777, QueenMaria Theresa quickly elevated Pécs tofree royal town status before the new bishop was elected. This cost the city 83,315 forints.
According to the firstcensus (held in 1787 by the order ofJoseph II), there were 1,474 houses and 1,834 families in Pécs, a total of 8,853 residents, of which 133 were priests and 117 were noblemen.
In 1785, the Academy ofGyőr was moved to Pécs. This academy eventually evolved into a law school. The first stonework theatre of the city was built in 1839.At that time or Maria Theresia and her son Josef II, theDanube Swabians from Germany was settled in the City.
The industry developed a lot in the second half of the 19th century. By 1848, there were 1,739 industrial workers. Some of the manufactures were nationally famous. The iron and paper factories were among the most modern ones of the age. Coal mining was relevant. A sugar factory and beer manufactures were built, too. The city had 14,616 residents.
During therevolution in 1848–49, Pécs was occupied by Croatian armies for a short time, but it was freed from them by Habsburg armies in January 1849.
After theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Pécs developed, like all the other cities and towns of the country. From 1867, Pécs is connected to the nearby townBarcs by railway, and since 1882 it is also connected toBudapest. In 1913, a tram system has been founded, but it was extinguished in 1960.
At the end ofWorld War I, Baranya county was occupied bySerbian troops, and it was not until August 1921 that Pécs could be sure that it remains part of Hungary. The University of Pressburg (modern-dayBratislava,Slovakia) was moved to Pécs after Hungary lost Pressburg according to theTreaty of Trianon.
DuringWorld War II, Pécs was captured bySoviet troops of the3rd Ukrainian Front on 29 November 1944 in the course of theBudapest Offensive. The city suffered only minor damages, even though a large tank-battle took place 20–25 kilometres (12–16 miles) south of the city, close to the Villány area late in the war, when the advancingRed Army fought its way towards Austria. Until the end of World War II, the majority Inhabitants wasDanube Swabians. Some of the former German settlers was expelled to Germany and Austria in 1945-1948, under the 1945Potsdam Agreement.[15]Germans of Hungary are still a minority in the City.
A history of Hungary from 1945-1990, "under Soviet domination" can be found in A Concise History of Hungary.[16] After the war, development became fast again, and the city grew, absorbing several nearby towns. In the 1980s, Pécs already had 180,000 inhabitants.
After the end ofSocialist era (1989–1990), Pécs and its county, like many other areas, were hit hard by the changes, the unemployment rate was high, the mines and several factories were closed, and the war in neighboringYugoslavia in the 1990s affected the tourism.
Pécs was also the centre of theNordic Support Group (NSG) consisting of units from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Poland, as part of theIFOR and laterSFORNATO deployments, after the Dayton Agreement and following peace in former Yugoslavia; the first units were deployed to Pécs in late 1995 and early 1996. The NSG handled the relaying of supply, personnel and other logistical tasks between the participating countries and their deployed forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
In 1998 Pécs was given the UNESCO prize "Cities for Peace" for maintaining its cultural minorities, and also for its tolerant and helping attitude toward refugees of theYugoslav Wars.[17]
In 2007 Pécs was third, and in 2008 it was second "Livable City" (The LivCom Awards)[18] in the category of cities between 75,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.[19]
In 2010, Pécs was selected to be theEuropean Capital of Culture alongsideEssen andIstanbul. The city motto is "The Borderless City". After receiving the title major renewal started in the city.[20][21] Renewed public places, streets, squares and neighbourhoods, new cultural centres, a concert hall, a new library and centre and a cultural quarter were designed.[22][23]
Cella SeptichoraThe BarbakánThe cross at TettyeZsolnay Museum. The House from the 13th Century.National Theatre in Pécs.Csontváry MuseumLyceum Church in Király Street
A good example of the city's history and interesting past can be seen in the main square, where the Gazi Kasim Mosque still stands, and, although consecrated as a church following the retreat of the Ottoman Turks centuries ago, the crescent moon of Islam is still visible on the cupola, surmounted by a cross. Indeed, Pécs is the richest town in Hungary in terms of Turkish architecture, with the ruins of Memi Pasa's Baths and the mausoleum of miracle worker Idris Baba, just two other notable remains. TheYakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque, dating from the mid-1600s, still functions as an active mosque today. It is open to the public except duringFriday services from 2.30 to 3.30 pm.
The majority of the citizens with 84.0% are Hungarians according to the 2011 census. The city'sGermans are the largest minority with 4.2%. Followed by theRoma (2.0%), the Croats (1.2%) and theRomanians (0.2%).[2]
The largest religious group is the Catholics with 39.7%Roman Catholic and 0.3%Greek Catholic. The second largest denomination is theCalvinists (5.2%), the third theLutherans (1.3%). 27.8% of the population is non-religious.[2]
Due to the number of international students studying and living in Pécs, a notable diversity of non-permanent citizens could be obviously seen around the city.
Pécs's climate is classified ashumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa). Among them, the annual average temperature is 11.5 °C (52.7 °F), the hottest months are July and August with 30.0 °C (86.0 °F), and the coldest month is January with 0.4 °C (32.7 °F). The annual precipitation is 670.9 millimetres (26.41 in), of which June is the wettest with 82.8 millimetres (3.26 in), while January is the driest with only 31.2 millimetres (1.23 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −27.0 °C (−16.6 °F) on January 23, 1942 to 41.3 °C (106.3 °F) on July 7, 1950.[24]
Climate data for Pécs, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1901-2020
The most known product of Pécs is theZsolnay Porcelain - Alhambra vase by Tádé Sikorski (1884)
Historically Pécs was well known in Hungary for its industry with several factories, but after thefall of the Iron Curtain many have not managed the economic transition well and went bankrupt (e.g. Pécsi Kesztyűgyár, Pécsi Bőrgyár, Littke Pezsgőgyár etc.).[27] Until some years ago, it had acoal anduranium mine, now only itssand mine exists and is operated by the Hungarian-ownedQuartz[28] mining company.
The nationally (and to a limited extent internationally) famousporcelain factory, theZsolnay Porcelain is the greatest pride of Pécs. The walls and roofs of several public and private buildings in the city are decorated with the company's porcelains contributing to Pécs's unique cityscape.
The Hungarian textilmanufacturerRovitex Hungária,[30] the Americancrane manufacturerTerex,[31] the Hungarian scale manufacturerPécsi Mérlegstúdió,[32] the Hungarian furniture manufacturerMegyeri Bútor,[33] the Hungarian cutting-tool manufacturerFORSZ,[34] the German switchboard manufacturer HB-Kapcsolószekrénygyártó (part of the Bader Gruppe),[35] the Hungarian recycling companyAlcufer,[36] the Hungarian agricultural vehiclemanufacturerHIDROT,[37] the Hungarian animal husbandry tool manufacturerÖnitató,[38] the tobacco factoryPécsi Dohánygyár (owned byBritish American Tobacco), the Hungarian automotive spare parts manufacturerMatro,[39] the Hungarian safe manufacturerStrauss Metal,[40] the Hungarian packaging machine manufacturerSOMAPAK,[41] the Hungarian plastics producerTermoplast,[42] theBocz Printing House,[43] the Hungarian pickles manufacturerBabina,[44] the Hungarian plastic product manufacturerKarsai Pécs,[45] the Hungarian metal manufacturerRiner Metal[46] based there and have their production facilities in the city.
There is a gradual development of modern high-tech industry, with Finnish electronics manufacturing companyElcoteq the largest industrial employer in the city, the HungarianZ Elektronika[47] electronics manufacturer and the Hungarian TG Netcom[48] IT network manufacturer.
The German transportation company,Dachser has a logistics centre in Pécs.[49]
TheBiokom[50] waste management and recycling company (owned by the city) is responsible for the transport and recycling of waste in the whole territory of Pécs and the surrounding areas. The energy used in the settlement is produced mainly by the twobiomass power plants ofPannonpower (part ofVeolia) which consists of a 49,9 MW woodchip-fired and a 35 MW agricultural by-product-fired powerplants.[51] The country's largestsolar cell field is also in Pécs, thanks to the city's southern location and longer sunny hours, which can produce about 10 MW energy a year. Thesolar power plant is operated byMVM Hungarowind (part of theMVM Group).[52]
The Expo Center Pécs Exhibition and Conference Centre provides place for international exhibitions and conferences.[53]
TheUniversity of Pécs was founded byLouis I of Hungary in 1367. It is the oldest university in Hungary, and is among the first European universities. In the recent past it used to be divided in two universities, one for Medicine and Orthodontics (POTE)[54] and a larger one for other studies: JPTE (Janus Pannonius Tudományegyetem). The POTE (Pécs University Medical School, now known as the Medical School) has a large English program for general medicine and dentistry (with students from America, Asia, Africa, and European countries - including many Scandinavians) and a new German program. On 1 January 2000 these universities were combined under the name University of Pécs (acronym: PTE - Pécsi Tudományegyetem - University of Pécs). Nowadays, the University of Pécs has become the most internationalized university in Hungary with around 5000 international students out of the total of approximately 20000 students (around 25%).[55]
The current mayor of Pécs isAttila Péterffy (Pécs Jövője, Öt Torony).
The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the2019 local government elections, is made up of 26 members (1 Mayor, 18 Individual constituencies councillors and 7 Compensation List councillors) divided into this political parties and alliances:[56]Fidesz policies in Pécs have included a law makinghomelessness illegal (2014)[57] and an official call to property owners not to make space available for an NGO supported byOSF (2017).[58]
TheM6/M60 motorway connects Pécs and Budapest with the driving time between the two cities taking about 2 hours now. The entire route opened on 31 March 2010. Route 6 crosses the city giving it an east–west axle and leaves it towardsBarcs by the Croatian border. Secondary routes are:
Designed byFerenc Pfaff,[59] the main railway station was built in 1900 and became a listed building in 2008.[60] The building itself was built in the style of Renaissance Eclecticism, and it features reliefs depictingJames Watt andGeorge Stephenson designed byÁrmin Klein and made by theZsolnay factory.[61] A mass transit hub -including a bus terminal, a bus stop and a cab rank zone- is situated on the square in front of the railway station.
Hungary
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Arad, Romania
Beyoğlu, Turkey
Fellbach, Germany
Graz, Austria
Kraków, Poland
Lahti, Finland
Novi Sad, Serbia
Olomouc, Czech Republic
Osijek, Croatia
Seattle, United States
Shiraz, Iran
Shkodër, Albania
Sliven, Bulgaria
Terracina, Italy
Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cathedral
Archives of Pécs
Inner city
Mosque of Pasha Qasim
Király Street
University of Pécs
Király Street
Posta Palace
Eosin glaze of Zsolnay fountain
Jókai Square
City Centre
Nádor Hotel
Chapel
Havihegy Chapel
Ruins in Tettye
St Sebastian Church
Synagogue
Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs
University of Pécs - Faculty of Humanity and Natural Sciences
Lajos Kossuth statue
Kossuth square and Great Synagogue
French (Napoleonic War) monument
Tettye
Aerial view
Panorama
Pannonpower Energy Station
Logo of the 2010European Capital of Culture
