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Overseas France

"Overseas territories of France" redirects here. For the former European Parliament constituency, seeOverseas Territories of France (European Parliament constituency).
"Outre-mer" redirects here. For other uses, seeOutre-Mer (disambiguation).

Overseas France (French:France d'outre-mer, alsoFrance ultramarine)[note 3] consists of 13French territories outsideEurope, mostly the remnants of theFrench colonial empire that remained a part of the French state under various statuses afterdecolonisation. Most are part of theEuropean Union.

Overseas France
France d'outre-mer (French)
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem: La Marseillaise
("The Marseillaise")
Great Seal:
ObverseReverse
Territory of the French Republic (red) Overseas territories (circled) Claimed territory (Adélie Land; hatched)
Territory of the French Republic (red)
Overseas territories (circled)
Claimed territory (Adélie Land; hatched)
Location of
CapitalParis
Largest settlementsFort-de-France (Martinique),Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe),Saint Denis (La Réunion),Saint Pierre (La Réunion),Nouméa (New Caledonia)
LanguagesFrench,Antillean Creole,Guianan Creole,Reunionese Creole,Shimaore,Tahitian,Marquesan,'Uvean,Futunan,Drehu,Nengone,Paicî,Ajië,Javanese, and 35 other native languages of New Caledonia
Demonym(s)French
Territories
Leaders
Emmanuel Macron
Manuel Valls
Area
• Total
120,396[note 2] km2 (46,485 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate
2,834,000 (Jan. 2024)
CurrencyEuro
CFP Franc
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (AD)

"Overseas France" is a collective name; while used in everyday life in France, it is not an administrative designation in its own right. Instead, the fiveoverseas regions have exactly the sameadministrative status as the thirteenmetropolitan regions; the fiveoverseas collectivities are semi-autonomous; andNew Caledonia is an autonomous territory. Overseas France includes island territories in theAtlantic,Pacific andIndian oceans,French Guiana on theSouth American continent, and severalperi-Antarctic islands as well as a claim inAntarctica. Excluding the district ofAdélie Land, where French sovereignty is effectivede jure by French law, but where the French exclusive claim on this part ofAntarctica is frozen by theAntarctic Treaty (signed in 1959), overseas France covers a land area of 120,396 km2 (46,485 sq mi)[3] and accounts for 18.0% of the French Republic's land territory.[4] Itsexclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 9,825,538 km2 (3,793,661 sq mi) accounts for 96.7% of the EEZ of theFrench Republic.[5]

Outside Europe, four broad classes of overseas French territorial administration currently exist:overseas departments/regions,overseas collectivities, thesui generis territory ofNew Caledonia, and uninhabited territories. From a legal and administrative standpoint, these four classes have varying legal status and levels of autonomy, although all permanently inhabited territories have representation in both France'sNational Assembly andSenate, which together make up theFrench Parliament.

2,834,000 people lived in overseas France in January 2024.[6] Most of these residents arecitizens of France andcitizens of the European Union. This makes them able to vote inFrench andEuropean elections.

Varying constitutional statuses

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Overseas departments and regions

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950847,000—    
19601,103,000+30.2%
19701,388,000+25.8%
19801,582,000+14.0%
19901,921,000+21.4%
20002,295,000+19.5%
20102,622,000+14.2%
20202,782,000+6.1%
20242,834,000+1.9%
January 2024: Total population of all overseas departments and collectivities: 2,834,000.
Total population of five overseas departments: 2,230,000.[7]
Total population of five overseas collectivities and New Caledonia: 604,000. Sources: French Polynesia,[8] New Caledonia,[9] Saint Barthélemy,[10] Saint Martin,[10] Saint Pierre and Miquelon,[10] Wallis et Futuna[11]

Overseas regions have exactly the same status as France's mainland regions. TheFrench Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions just as inmetropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws.

Overseas collectivities

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The category of "overseas collectivity" (French:collectivité d'outre-mer orCOM) was created by France's constitutional reform of 28 March 2003. Each overseas collectivity has its own statutory laws.

In contrast to overseas departments/regions, theoverseas collectivities are empowered to make their own laws, except in certain areas reserved to the French national government (such as defense, international relations, trade and currency, and judicial and administrative law). The overseas collectivities are governed by local elected assemblies and by the French Parliament andFrench Government, with a cabinet member, theMinister of the Overseas, in charge of issues related to the overseas territories.

  • French Polynesia (1946–2003: overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): In 2004 it was given the designation of "overseas country" (French:pays d'outre-mer), but theConstitutional Council of France has ruled that this designation did not create a new political category.
  • Saint Barthélemy: In 2003, Saint-Barthélemyvoted to become an overseas collectivity of France. Saint-Barthélemy is not part of the European Union, having changed the status to anoverseas country or territory associated with the European Union in 2012.
  • Saint Martin: In a2003 referendum, Saint Martin voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe to become separate overseas collectivity of France.[12] On 7 February 2007, theFrench Parliament passed a bill grantingCOM status to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[13] The new status took effect on 22 February 2007, when the law was published in theJournal Officiel.[14] Saint Martin remains part of theEuropean Union, as stated in theTreaty of Lisbon.[15]
  • Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1976–85: overseas department; 1985–2003:sui generis overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): Despite being given the political status of "overseas collectivity", Saint Pierre et Miquelon is calledcollectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, literally "territorial collectivity".
  • Wallis and Futuna (1961–2003: overseas territory; since 2003: overseas collectivity): It is still commonly referred to as aterritoire (Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna).

Sui generis collectivity

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  • New Caledonia had the status of an overseas territory from 1946 to 1998, but as of the 1998Nouméa Accord it gained a special status (statut particulier orsui generis) in 1999. A New Caledonian citizenship was established (in addition to the French citizenship which is kept in parallel, along with the European citizenship), and a gradual transfer of power from the French state to New Caledonia itself was begun, to last from 15 to 20 years.[16] However, this process was subject to approval in a referendum. Three independence referendums have been held, in2018,2020 and 2021. In the first two referendums, the "yes" vote was 43.3% and 46.7% respectively. In thethird referendum of December 2021, massively boycotted by the nativeKanak community, which represent 42% of the population, the "yes" vote was 3.5%, with a turnout of 43.9%.[17][18]

Overseas territory

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Special status

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Political representation in legislatures

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Flag of theMinister of Overseas France

With 2,834,000 inhabitants in 2024, overseas France accounts for 4.1% of the population of the French Republic.[6] They enjoy a corresponding representation in the two chambers of theFrench Parliament and, in the16th legislature of the French Fifth Republic (2022–2027), overseas France is represented by 27 deputies in theFrench National Assembly, accounting for 4.7% of the 577 deputies in the National Assembly:

  Senate (France)

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Since September 2011, overseas France has been represented by 21 senators in theFrench Senate, accounting for 6.0% of the 348 senators in the Senate:

  European Parliament (European Union)

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The territories used to be collectively represented in theEuropean Parliament by theOverseas Territories of France constituency. Since the2019 European elections, France decided to switch to a single constituency, putting an end to all regional constituencies, including the Overseas Territories constituency.[citation needed]

  Council (European Union)

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Thespecial territories of EU member states are not separately represented in theEU Council. Every member state represents all its citizens in the council.

Overview

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Inhabited collectivities and departments/regions

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The eleven inhabited French overseas territories are:

Flag[note 4]NameCapitalPopulationArea
(km2)		Population Density
(inh. per km2)		StatusUN Continental RegionUN Geographical SubregionLocationNotes
 French GuianaCayenne295,385
(Jan. 2024)[7]		83,534[19]3.5Overseas department/regionAmericasSouth AmericaThe Guianas
 French PolynesiaPapeete279,020
(Jan. 2023)[8]		3,521[20]79Overseas collectivity/countryOceaniaPolynesiaSouth Pacific OceanConsists of theSociety Islands, theTuamotu Archipelago, theGambier Islands, theMarquesas Islands, and theAustral Islands. The most populous island isTahiti.[21]
 GuadeloupeBasse-Terre378,561
(Jan. 2024)[7]		1,628[19]233Overseas department/regionAmericasCaribbeanLeeward Islands
 MartiniqueFort-de-France349,925
(Jan. 2024)[7]		1,128[19]310Windward Islands
 MayotteMamoudzou320,901
(Jan. 2024)[7]		374[20]858AfricaEastern AfricaComoro IslandsVoted on 29 March 2009, in favour of attaining overseas department / region status. That status became effective on March 31, 2011.
Also claimed by theComoros.
 New CaledoniaNouméa268,510
(Jan. 2023)[9]		18,575.5[22]14.5Sui generis collectivityOceaniaMelanesiaSouth Pacific OceanIndependence referendums occurred on4 November 2018 (56.4% voting against and 43.6% voting in favor), as well as on4 October 2020 (53.3% voting against and 46.7% voting in favor). A third and final one held inDecember 2021 rejected independence (96.5% voting against and 3.5% voting in favor).[23]
 RéunionSaint Denis885,700
(Jan. 2024)[7]		2,504[19]354Overseas department/regionAfricaEastern AfricaMascarene Islands
 Saint BarthélemyGustavia10,585
(Jan. 2020)[10]		25[note 5][24]423Overseas collectivityAmericasCaribbeanLeeward IslandsDetached fromGuadeloupe on 22 February 2007.
 Saint MartinMarigot32,358
(Jan. 2020)[10]		53[25]610
 Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre6,092
(Jan. 2020)[10]		242[20]25North AmericaNorthern AmericaGulf of St. Lawrence
 Wallis and FutunaMata Utu11,151
(Jul. 2023)[11]		142[20]79OceaniaPolynesiaSouth Pacific Ocean

Uninhabited overseas territories

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Several of these territories are generally only transiently inhabited by researchers in scientific stations.

FlagNameTAAF DistrictIslandCapitalArea (km2)StatusLocationNotes
 Clipperton Island–––2[26]Overseas state private propertyNorth Pacific Ocean
 French Southern and Antarctic LandsAdélie LandDumont d'Urville Station432,000[27]Overseas territoryAntarcticaUnder the terms of theAntarctic Treaty.
Crozet IslandsAlfred Faure340[27]Indian Ocean
Kerguelen IslandsPort-aux-Français7,215[27]Population: 45 researchers in winter, 110 in summer.
Saint Paul and Amsterdam IslandsAmsterdam IslandMartin-de-Viviès66[27]
Saint Paul Island
Scattered Islands in the Indian OceanBanc du GeyserSaint Pierre,Réunion0Mozambique ChannelClaimed by theComoros andMadagascar.
Bassas da India1[27]Claimed byMadagascar.
Europa Island30[27]
Glorioso Islands7[27]Indian OceanClaimed by theComoros andMadagascar.
Juan de Nova Island5[27]Mozambique ChannelClaimed byMadagascar.
Tromelin Island1[27]Indian OceanClaimed byMauritius.

Map

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Photo gallery

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Largest cities in overseas France

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Ranked by population in themetropolitan area:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The currentConstitution of France does not specify a national emblem.[1] Thisemblem is used by thePresident,Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs,[2] and is on the cover ofFrench passports. For other symbols, seeNational symbols of France.
  2. ^ExcludingAdélie Land.
  3. ^Alsoles Outre-mer,les outre-mers, or, colloquially,les DOM-TOM (départements d'outre-mer et territoires d'outre-mer) orles DROM-COM (départements et régions d'outre-mer et collectivités d'outre-mer).
  4. ^Article 2 of theFrench Constitution states that theFrench Flag is the only legal flag of France. OnlyFrench Polynesia, anoverseas country, andNew Caledonia, asui generis collectivity, are allowed to have their official flags. This right was granted to French Polynesia by a 6 September 1984, law and to New Caledonia by theNouméa Accord. The Administrator of French Antarctica is also granted his own flag through a 23 February 2007 ordinance. Historical flags are sometimes used but have no basis in law. Many territories use unofficial flags to represent the territories. The unofficial flags are shown in this table.
  5. ^25 km² including the outlying uninhabited islets. 21 km² without the outlying islets.

References

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  1. ^Article II of theConstitution of France (1958)
  2. ^"The lictor's fasces".elysee.fr. 20 November 2012.
  3. ^Larousse, Éditions."Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – France d'outre-mer".larousse.fr (in French). Retrieved2 October 2022.
  4. ^Land area of the four old overseas departments ([1]), Mayotte, the overseas collectivities, and New Caledonia (page 21), the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and the Scattered Islands ([2]Archived 19 June 2018 at theWayback Machine), and Clipperton ([3]Archived 5 March 2020 at theWayback Machine).
  5. ^"Sea Around Us – Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". Retrieved20 June 2018.
  6. ^abThe population of all five overseas departments totaled 2,230,000 in January 2024.[4] The population of the overseas collectivities and New Caledonia amounted to 604,000 inhabitants (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon[5], Saint-Barthélemy[6], Saint-Martin[7], French Polynesia[8], Wallis et Futuna[9], New Caledonia[10]).
  7. ^abcdef"Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved17 January 2024.
  8. ^abINSEE."Chiffres détaillés>>Démographie>>Chiffres clés Démographie" (in French). Retrieved17 January 2024.
  9. ^ab"Bilan démographique 2022 : la Nouvelle-Calédonie perd 1 300 habitants". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved17 January 2024.
  10. ^abcdefINSEE (29 December 2022)."Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2020" (in French). Retrieved16 April 2024.
  11. ^ab"Résultats du recensement de la population 2023 de Wallis-et-Futuna" (in French). Préfet des îles Wallis et Futuna. Retrieved17 January 2024.
  12. ^"French Caribbean voters reject change".Caribbean Net News. 9 December 2003. Archived fromthe original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved9 February 2007.However, voters in the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity".
  13. ^Magras, Bruno (16 February 2007)."Letter of Information from the Mayor to the residents and non-residents, to the French and to the foreigners, of Saint Barthelemy"(PDF).St. Barth Weekly. p. 2. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 22 May 2019. Retrieved18 February 2007.On 7 February of this year, the French Parliament adopted the law granting Saint-Barthélemy the Statute of an Overseas Collectivity.
  14. ^"Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity"(PDF).St. Barth Weekly. 9 February 2007. p. 2. Retrieved9 February 2007.
  15. ^"Treaty of Lisbon, Article 2, points 287 and 293". Retrieved31 January 2008.
  16. ^"Nouvelle-Calédonie",Le Petit Larousse (2010), Paris, page 1559.
  17. ^"Final results of New Caledonia referendum shows most voters stayed away". Reuters. 13 December 2021. Retrieved13 December 2021.
  18. ^Répartition des suffrages exprimés lors des référendums sur l'indépendance de la Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2018, 2020 et 2021,[11], Statista.
  19. ^abcdINSEE."Comparateur de territoire" (in French). Retrieved29 January 2021.
  20. ^abcdINSEE."Tableau Économique de Mayotte 2010"(PDF) (in French). p. 21. Retrieved29 January 2021.
  21. ^"French Polynesia profile".BBC News. 6 June 2023.Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved16 September 2024.
  22. ^ISEE."Tableaux de l'Economie Calédonienne 2016" (in French). p. 31. Retrieved29 January 2021.
  23. ^Rose, Michel; Packham, Colin (12 December 2021)."New Caledonia rejects independence in final vote amid boycott".Reuters.
  24. ^INSEE."2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy"(PDF) (in French). p. 7. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 December 2021. Retrieved29 January 2021.
  25. ^INSEE."2008, An 1 de la collectivitéde Saint-Martin"(PDF) (in French). p. 6. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 December 2021. Retrieved29 January 2021.
  26. ^Ministry of Overseas France."L'île de Clipperton" (in French). Retrieved31 January 2014.
  27. ^abcdefghiDélégation générale à l'outre-mer."Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises : Données géographiques et humaines"(PDF) (in French). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved31 January 2014.

Further reading

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  • Robert Aldrich and John Connell,France's Overseas Frontier, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Frédéric Monera,L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel, Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004.

External links

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