TheOrder of the Dragon (Latin:Societas Draconistarum, literally "Society of the Dragonists") was amonarchical chivalric order only for selected higheraristocracy and monarchs,^[1] founded in 1408 bySigismund of Luxembourg, who was thenKing of Hungary andCroatia (r. 1387–1437) and later alsoHoly Roman Emperor (r. 1433–1437). It was fashioned after themilitary orders of theCrusades, requiring its initiates to defend thecross and fight the enemies ofChristianity, particularly theOttoman Empire.

Order of the Dragon
Societas Draconistarum
Active	1408–16th century
Countries	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia  Holy Roman Empire  Wallachia  Moldavia Crown of Aragon Serbian Despotate League of Lezhë Second Bulgarian Empire Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Allegiance	Holy Roman Empire  Holy See
Type	Order of chivalry
Patron	EmperorSigismund and EmpressBarbara

The Order flourished during the first half of the 15th century, primarily inGermany andItaly. After Sigismund's death in 1437, its importance declined inWestern Europe. However, after theFall of Constantinople in 1453, it continued to play a role inHungary,Serbia andRomania, which bore the brunt of theOttoman incursions. The Prince of WallachiaVlad II Dracul, the father ofVlad the Impaler, took his name from the Order of the Dragon.

Sigismund faced fierce struggles for power leading up to the foundation of the order in 1408. In 1387, theBohemian royal son Sigismund ofLuxembourg was elected King ofHungary andCroatia,^[2][3][4] a title which he owed chiefly to his marriage to QueenMary of Hungary in 1385. During the next decade, he constantly sought support or employed ruthless methods to strengthen his unsteady hold on the throne. His rule was weakened in 1395 when Mary, who was pregnant, died in a horse riding accident. In 1389, the Ottoman SultanMurad I foughtLazar, Prince of Serbia at theBattle of Kosovo Polje, in which both leaders died, leading to an uncertain outcome of the battle. Two years later, theTurks had taken the Bulgarian fortress ofNicopolis.

In 1396,Pope Boniface IX proclaimed acrusade against the Ottomans, and a campaign was organised to liberateBulgaria from the Turks, saveConstantinople, and put a halt to the Ottoman expansion. Sigismund was nominally in charge; however, in the 1396Battle of Nicopolis theFrench leader,John of Nevers, commanded the French half of the forces and ignored Sigismund's entreaties by charging the Turks. About 12,000 crusaders died with only a few leaders, including Sigismund, escaping. Sigismund returned to Hungary in 1401 and, facing a number of revolts, gradually resumed control and re-asserted himself as the King of Hungary. This was achieved by allying himself with the political party ofStibor of Stiboricz,Nicholas II Garay, andHermann II of Celje, in return for their military support, which enabled him to fight off domestic rivals. Sigismund campaigned against the Croatian nobility in Slavonia, but the brunt of the campaign was directed at Bosnians and their nobility south of theSava which culminated in 1408 with theBattle of Dobor inUsora.^[5] In the aftermath of this battle, and events unfolding in what is known as theBloody Sabor of Križevci, 171 members of Bosnian nobility were also massacred. His pact with Hermann II was secured in 1408, when Sigismund married Herman II's daughterBarbara.

On December 12, 1408, Sigismund and his queen,Barbara von Cilli, founded the league known today as the Order of the Dragon.^[6][7][8] Its statutes, written inLatin, call it a society (societas) whose members carry thesignum draconis (see below), but assign no name to it. Contemporary records, however, refer to the order by a variety of similar if unofficial names, such asGesellschaft mit dem Drachen,Divisa seu Societas Draconica,Societas Draconica seu Draconistarum, andFraternitas Draconum.^[9] It was to some extent modelled after the earlier Hungarian monarchical order, theOrder of St. George (Societas militae Sancti Georgii), founded by KingCharles I of Hungary in 1318, the grandfather of Sigismund's first wifeMary.^[8] The order adoptedSaint George as its patronsaint, whoselegendary defeat of a dragon was used as a symbol for the military and religious ethos of the order.

The aim of the order was to fight theOttoman Empire, defend the Hungarian monarchy from foreign and domestic enemies, and the Catholic Church from heretics and pagans. It also included foreigners (and non-Catholics), such as the Orthodox Serbian rulerStefan Lazarević and the Wallachian rulers.^[5]

The primary representatives of "the perfidious Enemy" remained the Ottoman Turks, who continued to be a problem for Sigismund's successors. The Order's outward focus on foreign threats was also aimed at achieving a level of domestic cohesion. The statutes go on to describe the order's symbols of theouroboros and the red cross, which were worn by its members and gave the order its corporate identity (see below). They also list the mutual obligations of the king and his nobles. The members were to swear loyalty to the king, queen, and their future sons and to protect the royal interests. Boulton argues that "the Society of the Dragon was clearly intended to serve [...] as the institutional embodiment of the royal faction its founder had created".^[7] In return for their services, the nobles could expect to enjoy royal protection, honors, and offices.

The creation of the order was an instance within a larger fashion of foundingchivalric orders during the 14th and early 15th centuries, not infrequently dedicated to organizing "crusades", especially after the disaster of theBattle of Nicopolis (1396). Sigismund's order was particularly inspired from theOrder of Saint George of 1326.^[8] Another influential model may have been the SicilianOrder of the Ship, founded in 1381.

The statute of the Order, which was expanded by BishopEberhard ofNagyvárad, chancellor of Sigismund's court, survives only in a copy made in 1707,^[8] which was published in an edition in 1841.^[10] The prologue to these statutes of 1408 reports that the society was created:

in company with the prelates, barons, and magnates of our kingdom, whom we invite to participate with us in this party, by reason of the sign and effigy of our pure inclination and intention to crush the pernicious deeds of the same perfidious Enemy, and of the followers of the ancient Dragon, and (as one would expect) of the pagan knights, schismatics, and other nations of the Orthodox faith, and those envious of the Cross of Christ, and of our kingdoms, and of his holy and saving religion of faith, under the banner of the triumphant Cross of Christ...^[11]

The edict of 1408 describes two insignia to be worn by members of the Order:

...we and the faithful barons and magnates of our kingdom shall bear and have, and do choose and agree to wear and bear, in the manner of society, the sign or effigy of theDragon incurved into the form of a circle, its tail winding around its neck, divided through the middle of its back along its length from the top of its head right to the tip of its tail, with blood [forming] ared cross flowing out into the interior of the cleft by a white crack, untouched by blood, just as and in the same way that those who fight under the banner of the glorious martyr St George are accustomed to bear a red cross on a white field...^[11]

The dragon described here, with its tail coiled around its neck, bears comparison to theouroboros. On the back of the dragon, from the base of the neck to the tail, is theRed Cross of Saint George, with the entire image on anargent field. The Order's dragon emblem has not survived in any original form, but it has been referenced on coins, art, and in writing. An embroidered badge from c.1430 is found at theBavarian National Museum.^[12]

AUniversity of Bucharest annotation to the original edict reads "O Quam Misericors est Deus, Pius et Justus" (O how merciful is God, faithful and just), which may have been officially part of the emblem. The various classes of the order had a slight variation of the dragon symbol. Common changes included the addition of inscriptions likeO Quam Misericors est Deus ("Oh, how merciful is God") and "Justus et Paciens" ("Just and patient"). One of the highest classes may have worn a necklace with a seal, while a period painting of Oswald von Wolkenstein depicts another type of class variation.^[13]

Few historical artifacts of the Order now remain. A copy, dating to 1707, of the statutes of 1408 is the oldest known literary artifact of the society.^{[citation needed]}

Members of the order are referred to in the statutes as barons (barones, occasionallysocii). They were mostly Sigismund's political allies and supporters, who were at first largely confined to the political factions ofStefan Lazarević,Nicholas II Garai, andHermann II of Celje, including such magnates asStibor of Stiboricz andPippo Spano.^[8] The initial group of inductees for Sigismund's Order numbered 21 men,^[7] which extended to about 24^[8] in 1418.

After some time, Sigismund chose to expand the ranks of the Order. A second group of inductees was initiated between 1431 and 1437.^[8] As membership grew, the Order of the Dragon came to have two degrees. There was a superior class, which between 1408 and 1418 wore both the dragon and the cross as the Order's emblem and a more elaborate version afterwards.^[8] The second degree had a large number of members, and its symbol was only the dragon.^{[citation needed]}

Following Sigismund's death in 1437, the Order lost prominence. However, the prestigious emblem of the Order was retained on thecoat of arms of several Hungarian noble families, includingBáthory, Bocskai,Bethlen, Szathmáry,Benyovszky,Kende andRákóczi.^[1]

The 21 original members of the Order of the Dragon were enumerated in the 1408 founding charters. These were, in original order and Latin description:^[14][15][16]

• Stephanus despoth, dominus Serbiae, item

 

Stefan Lazarević (1374–1427),Serbian Prince (1389–1402) andDespot (1402–1427).

• Hermannus comes Cily et Zagoriae,

Hermann II (1360s–1435),Count of Celje,Styrian prince and magnate, father of the Hungarian Queen consortBarbara of Cilli, most notable as the faithful supporter and father-in-law of the Hungarian kingSigismund of Luxembourg,Ban of Croatia andBan of Slavonia (1406–1407).

• comes Fredericus, filius eiusdem,

Frederick II (1379–1454),Count of Celje, son ofHermann II.

• Nicolaus de gara, regni Hungariae palatinus,

Nicholas II Garai (c. 1367–1433), Hungarian baron,Ban of Croatia (1395–1397),Ban of Slavonia (1397–1401),Palatine of Hungary (1402–1433).

• Stiborius de Stiboricz alias vaiuoda Transyluanus,

Stibor of Stiboricz ofOstoja (c. 1348–1414), aristocrat of Polish origin in theKingdom of Hungary,Voivode of Transylvania (1395–1401, 1409–1414), alsoispán ofArad andSzolnok Counties (1395–1401),ispán ofSzolnok County (1409–1414),Nyitra andTrencsén Counties, Lord of allVáh.

• Joannes filius Henrici de Thamassy et

John Tamási, Hungarian nobleman,Voivode of Transylvania (1403–1409),Master of the doorkeepers (1409–1416), alsoispán ofSzolnok County (1403–1409).

• Jacobus Laczk de Zantho, vaiuodae Transyluani,

James Lack of Szántó, Hungarian nobleman,Voivode of Transylvania (1403–1409).

• Joannes de Maroth Machouiensis,

John Maróti (c. 1366–1434), Hungarian nobleman,Ban of Macsó (1397, 1398–1402, 1402–1410, 1427–1248),Count of the Székelys (1397–1398), alsoispán ofBács,Baranya,Bodrog,Syrmia,Tolna andValkó Counties.

• Pipo de Ozora Zewreniensis, bani;

Pippo Spano (1369–1426),Italian magnate, general, strategist and confidant of KingSigismund of Hungary,Ban of Severin, alsoispán ofTemes,Csanád,Arad,Krassó,Keve Counties (1404–1426),Csongrád andFejér Counties (1407–1426), alsoispán of the chamber of salt (1400–1426),Royal treasurer (1407–1408).

• Nicolaus de Zeech magister tauernicorum regalium,

Nicholas II Szécsi, Hungarian nobleman from the influentialHouse of Szécsi,Royal treasurer (1397), alsoispán ofZala County (1402), seculargubernator of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Veszprém (1403–1405),master of the doorkeepers for the Queen (1406–1409),Master of the treasury (1408–1410), alsoispán ofVas County (1406–1419),Sopron County (1406–1410).

• comes Karolus de Corbauia, supremus thesaurarius regius,

Charles, Count of Krbava, Croatian nobleman,Ban of Croatia (1408–1409),Royal treasurer (1408–1409), castellan of Visegrád (1403–1409).

• Symon filius condam Konye bani de Zecheen, janitorum,

Simon Szécsényi, Hungarian baron and military leader from the influentialSzécsényi family, a staunch supporter of KingSigismund of Hungary since the 1380s,Master of the doorkeepers (1403–1409),Judge royal (1395–1412), alsoispán ofSáros (1403–1405),Szepes (1404),Borsod (1404–1405) andHeves (1405) Counties.

• comes Joannes de Corbauia, dapiferorum,

John, Count of Krbava, Croatian nobleman,Master of the stewards (1406–1419).

• Joannes filius Georgii de Alsaan pincernarum,

John Alsáni,Master of the cupbearers.

• Petrus Cheh de Lewa aganzonum regalium magistri,

Peter Cseh de Léva,Master of the horse,Voivode of Transylvania (1436–1438), alsoispán ofBács,Baranya,Bars,Bodrog,Syrmia,Tolna and Valkó Counties.

• Nicolaus de Chak, alias vaiuoda Transyluanus,

Nicolaus Csáki, Hungarian nobleman,Voivode of Transylvania (1402–1403, 1415–1426), alsoispán ofBékés,Bihar,Csanád,Csongrád,Keve,Krassó,Szolnok,Temes, andZaránd Counties (1402–1403),ispán ofBékés,Bihar, andSzolnok Counties (1415–1426).

• Paulus Byssenus, alter Paulus de Peth, pridem Dalmatiae, Croatiae et totius Sclauoniae regnorum bani,

Paul Besenyő and Paul Pécsi, Hungarian noblemen, Ban of Dalmatia,Ban of Croatia,Ban of Slavonia (1404–1406).

• Michael, filius Salamonis de Nadasd comes siculorum regalium,

Michael Nádasdi, Hungarian nobleman,Count of the Székelys (1405–1422).

• Petrus de Peren, alias siculorum nunc vero maramorossensis comes,

Peter Perényi, Hungarian nobleman,Count of the Székelys (1397–1401),Ban of Macsó (1397, 1400–1401),Judge royal (1415–1423), alsoispán ofUng (1398–1423),Máramaros (1404–1412),Szatmár andUgocsa (1406–1419) Counties.

• Emericus de eadem Pern secretarius cancellarius regius

Emeric Perényi, Hungarian nobleman, important diplomat KingSigismund of Hungary, Secret chancellor, alsoispán ofAbaúj andBorsod.

• et Joannes filius condam domini Nicolai de Gara palatini.

John Garai, nobleman from the Hungarian-CroatianGarai family, son ofNicholas I Garai, and brother ofNicholas II Garai, thePalatine branch of the family.

• Stibor de Beckov or Stibor II, son ofStibor of Stiboricz^[17]
• Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (ca. 1350–1416), Grand Duke of Bosnia^[18]
• Vuk Lazarević, brother of Despot Stefan Lazarević, received the title from Sigismund.
• Fruzhin, Bulgarian prince, son of TsarIvan Shishman ofBulgaria.
• Vlad II Dracul (d. 1447), then Prince ofWallachia^[8]
• Alfonso V of Aragon
• Gjergj Arianiti (1383-1462) father in law of Skanderbeg^{[citation needed]}
• Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (1405-1468), commander and leader^{[citation needed]}
• Ferdinand I of Naples.
• Benjamin de Benyó,Voivod ofLiptov.
• Oswald von Wolkenstein (d. 1445)
• Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (1456–1516)^{[clarification needed][8]}
• Foreign allies, who did not swear an oath of loyalty:^{[clarification needed]}
  • King Ladislaus II of Poland, Sigismund's former brother-in-law^[8]
  • Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania,
  • King Henry V of England^[8]
  • members of Italian families, such as theCarrara,della Scala, Useppi, and leaders of Venezia, Padova andVerona^[8]

•  
  Alfonso V of Aragon ofSpain
•  
  Pipo de Ozora, fresco byAndrea del Castagno
•  
  Stibor of Stiboricz
•  
  Oswald von Wolkenstein—portrait from theInnsbrucker Handschrift, 1432—wearing the Order of the Dragon chain
•  
  Stefan Lazarević,Prince ofSerbia
•  
  Fruzhin, Prince of Bulgaria
•  
  Order of the Dragon on a medievalsaddle

• Order of the Four Emperors

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• Regesta Imperii