Omar al-Bayoumi (Arabic:عمر البيومي,romanized: ʿUmar al-Bayyūmī) is aSaudi national with alleged links to two of the9/11 hijackers in the United States,Nawaf al-Hazmi andKhalid al-Mihdhar. There are conflicting views of al-Bayoumi's role.

The9/11 Commission attributes al-Bayoumi meeting the hijackers to a chance encounter at aCulver City, Los Angeles restaurant, where al-Bayoumi allegedly heard the hijackers speak Gulf-Arabic and struck up a conversation. According to the9/11 Commission Report, there is no evidence al-Bayoumi made contributions (monetary or otherwise) beyond helping them find an apartment, help fill out the lease, and similar. There are witness descriptions of the group's restaurant visit, and later a house party at al-Hazmi's and al-Mihdhar's place, organized by al-Bayoumi. The Commission report concludes by "we have seen no credible evidence that [al-Bayoumi] believed in violent extremism or knowingly aided extremist groups.".^[1]

In 2021, a 28-page FBI report was released that indicates al-Bayoumi could have been a Saudi intelligence asset.^[2] The so-called "Encore report" was created in 2016, as part of "Operation Encore", a renewed FBI investigation into potential ties of Saudi Arabia to the 9/11 hijackers. The report describes several indicators of al-Bayoumi's and Saudi Arabia's role. Phone records show al-Bayoumi had frequent contact with Fahad al-Thumairy, a local imam who also worked at the Saudi Arabia Los Angeles consulate. He also repeatedly contacted people at the Saudi Ministry of Islamic Affairs in Riyadh, and people in the Saudi intelligence community in Riyadh. A single confidential human source (CHS) told the FBI that it was common knowledge in the local Saudi community that he was "in constant contact with Saudi officials" and "everyone knew" he was some sort of government asset or intelligence monitor.^[2]

Another FBI report, declassified in March 2022, states that "there is a 50/50 chance [al-Bayoumi] had advanced knowledge the 9/11 attacks were to occur."

According to previously-classified memoranda released by theNational Archives in May 2016, by 6 June 2003, the FBI suspected al-Bayoumi and "believes it is possible that he was an agent of the Saudi Government and that he may have been reporting on the local [Saudi] community to the Saudi Government officials. In addition, during its investigation, the FBI discovered that al-Bayoumi has ties to terrorist elements as well."^[3]

It is currently not known to what extent al-Bayoumi could have contributed to the hijackers, knowingly or unknowingly, besides what is documented in the9/11 Commission Report.

The director of the 9/11 Commission, responded to the 2021 and 2022 FBI documents, said that "they amount to “an agglomeration of preliminary, unvetted reports.” The 9/11 Commission concluded in 2004 “found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded [al-Qaida].”^[4]

Saudi Arabia claims that al-Bayoumi is not itsagent.^[4]

Al-Bayoumi was questioned after 9/11. By 2004 he had moved to Saudi Arabia.^[5]

Declassified FBI files describe him as being from an Egyptian family that migrated to Saudi Arabia.^[6] Until 1994, he lived in Saudi Arabia, working for theSaudi Ministry of Defense and Aviation, a department headed by PrinceSultan bin Abdul Aziz.

In August 1994, al-Bayoumi moved to the United States and settled inSan Diego, California, where he became involved in the local Muslim community. He was perceived as being very inquisitive, and was known to always carry around avideo camera. According to several sources,^[7][8][9] al-Bayoumi was strongly suspected by many residents to be a Saudi government spy. The man the FBI considered their "best source" in San Diego said that al-Bayoumi "must be an intelligence officer for Saudi Arabia or another foreign power," according toNewsweek magazine.

During this time, al-Bayoumi was purportedly aSan Diego State University student learning remedial English in the United States as part of a Saudi work-study program. In fact, he only attended the fall, 1994 semester.^[10][11] The SaudiGeneral Authority of Civil Aviation paid al-Bayoumi's salary through a government contractor.^[12] When the contractor proposed terminating its relationship with al-Bayoumi in 1999, a Saudi government official replied with a letter marked "extremely urgent" that the government wanted al-Bayoumi's contract renewed "as quickly as possible."^[11] As a result, Al-Bayoumi's employment with the project continued.

When interviewed by the FBI in 2003, al-Bayoumi stated he worked for Saudi aviation companyDallah AVCO. Witnesses at Dallah AVCO describe al-Bayoumi as one of 50 "ghost employees" who were paid by the company despite never showing up for work. One witness described al-Bayoumi accruing such outrageous expenses that at one point AVCO refused to pay him.^[2]

Al-Bayoumi came to the FBI’s attention in 1998 when his apartment manager reported him receiving packages from the Middle East containing exposed wiring and hosting large gatherings of Middle Eastern men at his residence.^[13]

Some time in late 1999 or early 2000, al-Bayoumi began receiving another monthly payment; this one from PrincessHaifa bint Faisal, the wife ofBandar bin Sultan, the Saudi ambassador to the U.S. Cheques for between $2,000 and $3,000 were sent monthly from the princess, through two or three intermediaries, to al-Bayoumi.^[14] The payments continued for several years, totalling between $50,000 and $75,000. According to the documents of the 2002 congressional inquiry into the September 11 attacks, al-Bayoumi was not the direct recipient of the checks; Osama Bassnan's wife was. Bassnan was a close associate of al-Bayoumi, and commented to an FBI source "that he did more for the hijackers than al-Bayoumi did." The report further states that, although the money was ostensibly meant for Bassnan, al-Bayoumi's wife had attempted to deposit three of the cheques into her own account.^[15]

On 15 January 2000, after attending the2000 al-Qaeda summit for Al Qaeda members inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia, future 9/11 hijackersNawaf al-Hazmi andKhalid al-Mihdhar flew fromBangkok, Thailand toLos Angeles, California. Al-Bayoumi reportedly helped these two hijackers to settle in the United States, eventually finding them housing in the neighborhood where he resided. During the period that he did so, his salary greatly increased.^[16]

The final9/11 Commission Report noted:

Hazmi and Mihdhar were ill-prepared for a mission in the United States. ... Neither had spent any substantial time in the West, and neither spoke much, if any, English. It would therefore be plausible that they or [Khalid Sheikh Mohammed] would have tried to identify, in advance, a friendly contact for them in the United States. ... We believe it unlikely that Hazmi and Mihdhar ... would have come to the United States without arranging to receive assistance from one or more individuals informed in advance of their arrival."

After they landed, Al-Bayoumi met them at the Mediterranean Gourmet Restaurant on Venice Boulevard. He invited them to move to San Diego with him, where he found them an apartment, co-signed the lease, and advanced them $1,500 to help pay for their rent. (The 9/11 Commission, however, concluded that "[n]either then nor later did Bayoumi give money to either Hazmi or Mihdhar.")^[17] Al-Bayoumi also helped them obtain driver's licenses, rides to the Social Security office, and information on flight schools.^[18] While they lived across the street from al-Bayoumi, they had no furniture, they constantly played flight simulator games, and limousines picked them up for short rides in the middle of the night. Their neighbors later said they perceived them as strange.^[19] They later moved into the house ofAbdussattar Shaikh, a friend of al-Bayoumi's, who was secretly working as an FBI informant at the time.^[20]

An October 2012 FBI report (declassified several years after it was written) named Fahad al-Thumairy, a Saudi Islamic Affairs official andKing Fahd Mosque imam, as having worked with al-Bayoumi. The report also named a third man, Mussaed Ahmed al-Jarrah, who allegedly had ordered al-Bayoumi and al-Thumairy to assist the hijackers; this man's name was not declassified, but was accidentally revealed when the FBI neglected to redact his name from a document filed in April 2020.^[21]

Al-Bayoumi claims he met them by happenstance, was being kind to fellow Muslims in need, and had no idea of their plans. Some FBI officials concluded that al-Bayoumi was an unwitting accomplice of the hijackers.^[22] As one explained: "We could not find any contact between him and terrorists, any involvement (with al-Qaeda). There was nothing to indicate he's any different from any of the hundreds of people who had contact with the hijackers, who were unwitting to the fact that they were going to be hijackers. It just wasn't there."^[23] But one former top FBI official toldNewsweek: "We firmly believed that he had knowledge [of the 9/11 plot] and that his meeting with them that day was more than coincidence."^[24]

According to an FBI report from 2016, declassified byPresident Biden on September 12, 2021, the FBI said al-Thumairy "tasked" al-Bayoumi with providing assistance to the two hijackers. al-Thumairy also told al-Bayoumi that al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar were, "two very significant people," more than a year before the attacks. The report goes on to state that despite al-Bayoumi's characterization of the meeting with the two hijackers as coincidental, "Caisin Bin Don", a US citizen formerly known as Clayton Morgan, reported al-Bayoumi waiting by the window of the Mediterranean Gourmet Restaurant for the hijackers to arrive, and had a lengthy conversation with them in Arabic. Another witness reports al-Bayoumi was often saying the Islamic community needed to "take action" and that the community was "at jihad."^[2]

In June 2024, a federal court unsealed video footage dated between June and July 1999 and recorded over several days by al-Bayoumi inWashington D.C., showing various landmarks, notably theU.S. Capitol. In the video al-Bayoumi, who was allegedly accompanied by two Saudi diplomats, can be heard mentioning some "plan" and promising to someone "I will report you in detail what is there".^[25]

In July 2001, Omar al-Bayoumi moved to England to pursue aPhD atAston University.

Ten days after the September 11 attacks, al-Bayoumi was arrested by British authorities working with the FBI. He was held on an immigration charge while the FBI andScotland Yard investigated him. According to an FBI report based on subsequently available information in 2016, and declassified in 2021, phone numbers linked to a known Tier 1 Terrorist Support Entity as well as numbers associated with the spiritual advisor toOsama bin Laden andAbu Zubaydah were found on al-Bayoumi's phone by Scotland Yard at the time. Most directly, the phone number of Mutaib Al-Sudairy, roommate of a key bin Laden logistics facilitator, Ziyad Khaleel, was found on his phone. Bayoumi called this number 5 times, each call coinciding with significant logistic support of the hijackers. Specifically,

• on January 24–30, 2000 in the days before he first met the hijackers;
• the day immediately after Bayoumi met the hijackers in February 2000;
• on February 7, 2000 immediately after the apartment lease and living arrangements for Hazmi and Midhar had been finalized and funds fronted by Bayoumi.

On June 14, 2001, Al-Sudairy was recorded at an address inFalls Church, Virginia, the same area where Hazmi, Midhar, Aulaqi, and Hani Hanjour established residence later in the evolution of the 9/11 plot.^[2]

After his release from custody by British authorities, al-Bayoumi briefly returned to Aston University inBirmingham before returning toSaudi Arabia. His current whereabouts are unknown.

On August 18, 2003, interrogators askedKhalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, whether he knew al-Bayoumi, and KSM said that he did not.^[26]

The issue was reopened early September 2003, when the potential links between al-Bayoumi and the Saudi Embassy were reported in the press. Under pressure fromCongress, the FBI re-examined the case, but again concluded that the allegations were "without merit," and they "abandoned further investigation."^[27] However, contemporary news accounts reported that "countless intelligence leads that might help solve [the case] appear to have been under-investigated or completely overlooked by the FBI."^[28]

The final 9/11 Commission reports stated "we have seen no credible evidence that he believed inviolent extremism, or knowingly aided extremist groups."^[10] Despite this, the FBI reached a much different conclusion in 2016 duringOperation Encore. In a report, declassified on September 12, 2021, FBI agents stated that Fahad al-Thumairy "tasked" al-Bayoumi with assisting the two hijackers upon their arrival inLos Angeles, and said they were, "two very significant people," more than a year before the attacks. Rather than the chance meeting al-Bayoumi previously described to investigators, in which al-Bayoumi was seen with Hazmi and Mihdhar at a restaurant, a witness told the FBI that al-Bayoumi had been waiting at the window for their arrival, and had a lengthy conversation with them. The report says a woman told investigators that al-Bayoumi was often saying the Islamic community needs to "take action," and that the community was, "atjihad".^[2]

Per previously-classified memoranda released by theNational Archives in 2016, the FBI believed that he may have been an agent of the Saudi Government and was reporting on the local community to Saudi government officials.^[29]

In March 2022, the FBI declassified a 510-page report about 9/11 that it produced in 2017. The report found that "there is a 50/50 chance [al-Bayoumi] had advanced knowledge the 9/11 attacks were to occur" from the two hijackers Hazmi and Midhar for whom he had arranged housing inSan Diego.^[30] In response,9/11 Commission chairman and formerNew JerseyNew Jersey governorTom Kean said in 2022 that "If that's true I'd be upset by it", adding "The FBI said it wasn't withholding anything and we believed them."^[30]

Evidence collected in 2001 by British authorities, which came from al-Bayoumi's home in Birmingham, England, was made public in August of 2024, in connection with a lawsuit that has been brought against the Saudi kingdom's government by some of the surviving families of the 9/11 attacks. The evidence includes a video taken by al-Bayoumi of theU.S. Capitol Building, which shows where security guards are located.^[31] According toThe New York Times, "None of the new evidence from Mr. al-Bayoumi's home conclusively proves that the Saudi government enabled the attacks, but it adds to a growing circumstantial case."^[32]

• The Final 9/11 Commission Report
• Statement from the Saudi Embassy