Novgorodian Land (Russian:Новгородская земля) was one of the largest historical territorial–state formations in Russia, covering itsnorthwest andnorth. Novgorod Land, centered inVeliky Novgorod, was in the cradle ofKievan Rus' under the rule of theRurikid dynasty and one of the most important princely thrones of the era. During the collapse of Kievan Rus' and in subsequent centuries, Novgorod Land developed as theNovgorod Republic: an autonomous state with republican forms of government under the suzerainty of thegreat princes of Vladimir-Suzdal (later –Moscow/Muscovy).[1][2] During the period of greatest development, it reached north to theWhite Sea, and in the east it has been claimed that it did spread beyond theUral Mountains. It hadextensive trade relations within the framework of theHanseatic League and with the rest of Rus'. ThePrincipality of Moscow conquered the Novgorod Republic in 1478, and annexed it in 1578,[3] although Novgorod Land continued to exist as anadministrative unit until 1708.
The settlement of the territory of Novgorod Land began in theValdai Upland since thePaleolithic andMesolithic, along the border of the Valdai (Ostashkovsky) glaciation, and in the north–west of Priilmenye, in the area of the future territorial center, since theNeolithic.[citation needed]
Archaeologically[4] and through the study of toponymy,[5] the presence of migratory so–calledNostratic communities is supposed here, replaced by Indo–European groups (future Balts and Slavs) who came from the south–west and ancestors of the Baltic–Finnish peoples who came from the east.[6]
The center of the Slavic settlements was the vicinity of Lake Ilmen and theVolkhov River, and theIlmen Slovenes lived here.[7] It is traditionally believed that in the 6th centuryKrivichi tribes came here, and in the 8th century, in the process of Slavic settlement of theEast European Plain, the tribe ofIlmen Slovenes came.Finnic tribes lived in the same territory, having left a memory of themselves in the names of numerous rivers and lakes. The interpretation of pre–Slavic toponymy as exclusivelyFinno–Ugric is questioned by some researchers.[8] The dates of the Slavic settlement rely on the burial mounds, with long mounds associated with Krivichi, and hill-shaped mounds with Slovenes.[9]
Archaeological research inStaraya Ladoga andRurik Gorodishche shows the presence of Scandinavians, traditionally referred to in the Old Russian (medieval) literary sources asVarangians, among the inhabitants of these first large settlements.[10][11][12]
In addition to the Slavic population, a significant part of the Novgorod Land was inhabited[7] by variousFinnic peoples.[13][14] Vodskaya pyatina along with the Slavs was inhabited byVotians andIzhora, who were closely associated with Novgorod. The Yem', who lived in southern Finland, was usually at enmity with the Novgorodians and more inclined to the side of the Swedes, while the neighboringKarelians usually kept to Novgorod.[7] Novgorod were often fightingChud who inhabitedLivonia andEstonia. Zavolochye was inhabited by Finnic tribes, which was often called Zavolotskaya Chud; later Novgorod colonists settled in this region.[7] Tersky coast was inhabited by theSámi people. Further, Permians andZyryans lived in the northeast.[citation needed]
Archeological data shows that in the 9th centuryNovgorod was already a large settlement (or rather a chain of settlements from the source ofVolkhov andRurik Gorodishche[12][15] up to Kholopiy Town,[16] opposite ofKrechevitsy). Other settlements includedLadoga,[10]Izborsk and possiblyBeloozero. Slavic and Finnic tribes inhabited the territory and by the 9th century Scandinavians were also present.[17] The Scandinavians probably called this territoryGarðaríki.[18]
According to tradition, Novgorod Land was one of the centers of formation ofKyivan Rus'. ThePrimary Chronicle calls it "a great and abundant land" and records the legend of theInvitation of the Varangians (traditionally dated to 862): its inhabitants wanted to "seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to law" and therefore invitedRurik (founder of theRurikovich dynasty),Sineus and Truvor, to rule over them.[19]
At the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th centuries (in chronicles dating to 882), the center of the Rurikovich state moved from Novgorod to Kiev. In the 10th century,Ladoga was attacked by the Norwegian jarlEric. In 980, Novgorod PrinceVladimir Svyatoslavich (the Baptist), at the head of theVarangian squad, overthrew the Kiev PrinceYaropolk. In the 990s, Novgorod refused to convert to Christianity, and stood up for its faith with the supreme priest Bogumil Solovey andtysyatsky Ugonyay. Novgorod was baptized by force with "fire and sword": many Novgorodians were killed, and the whole city burned down. In 1015–1019, Prince of NovgorodYaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise overthrew the Kiev PrinceSvyatopolk the Accursed. The Novgorodians supported Yaroslav during the war, and after his victory in the war, Yaroslav rewarded them and granted the "Yaroslav's Law" and the "Charter" to Novgorod. These documents became the prototype of and were referenced in the charters on which the princes invited by Novgorodians took the oath. Also under Yaroslav,Detinets and the firstSaint Sophia Cathedral were built.[20][21]
Among the Rus, the Novgorodians were the first to reach the regions between theArctic Ocean andLake Onega. An expedition led by thevoivodeUleb[22] were defeated by theYugra people near the Iron Gates (which have been identified with the valley ofPechora River or possibly regions further to the east) in 1036. Trade with theYugra tribe was already established in 1096.[23][24] In 1020 and 1067, Novgorod Land was attacked by thePolotsk Izyaslavichs.
In the 11th century, the governor – the son of the Kiev prince – still had great powers. In the same period, the institute ofposadniks appeared, who ruled in Novgorod at a time when its prince was not there (likeOstromir) or the prince was a minor, as in 1088, whenVsevolod Yaroslavich sent his grandsonMstislav (son ofVladimir Monomakh) to reign inNovgorod. In 1095, the Novgorodians, dissatisfied with the absence of their princeDavyd Svyatoslavich, returned Mstislav, and seven years later they opposed the attempt of the Kiev prince to replace Mstislav with his son. The key republican authorities (veche, prince,posadnik) emerged in Novgorod in the 11th century.[20][21]
In the second decade of the 12th century,Vladimir Monomakh strengthened the central authority in Novgorod Land. Chronicles report that the Novgorodians paid tribute to him in 1113.[23] In 1117, without taking into account the opinion of the Novgorod community, Mstislav was recalled to the south by his father, and PrinceVsevolod Mstislavich was seated on the throne of Novgorod. Some boyars opposed this decision of the prince, in connection with which they were called toKiev and thrown into prison.
After the death of Mstislav the Great in 1132 and the deepening tendencies of political fragmentation, the prince of Novgorod lost the support of the central government. In 1134, Vsevolod was expelled from the city. Returning to Novgorod, he was forced to conclude an agreement with the Novgorodians, limiting his authority. On January 26, 1135, the army of Novgorod, led by Vsevolod andIzyaslav Mstislavich, lost the Battle of Zhdanaya Mountain to the army of Suzdal PrinceYuri Dolgorukiy. On May 28, 1136, in connection with the dissatisfaction of Novgorod with the actions of Prince Vsevolod, he was taken into custody and then expelled from Novgorod.
From the late 11th century the Novgorodians asserted greater control over the determination of their rules and rejected a politically dependent relationship to Kiev.[25] In 1136 they expelled princeVsevolod Mstislavich accusing him of not caring forsmerds, of trying to move to Pereslavl and of cowardliness and indecisiveness in military matters.[26]Svyatoslav Olgovich, the younger brother ofVsevolod ofChernigov, the main ally of the Mstislavichs and rival of the then Kiev prince,Yaropolk from theHouse of Monomakh, became the first prince independently called upon by the Novgorodians. Subsequently the Novgorodians were able to invite in and dismiss a number of princes. Often these invitations or dismissals were based on who was the dominant prince in Rus' at the time,[27] while sometimes the Novgorodians helped their allies to take these positions, as, for example, in 1212.
Novgorod brought much of its food supplies from the Oka region which was controlled by the princes ofVladimir who had defeated the old Rostov–Suzdal boyars in 1174–1175 and consolidated the power in their hands. They could and did block grain traffic causing a shortage or even famine in Novgorod. After taking control of the valley ofSheksna and the town ofBeloozero located close to the road from Novgorod to the Northern Dvina, Vladimir could also threaten the possessions of Novgorod in the east and often intercepted the tribute delivered from there. Sometimes Novgorod resisted the expansionist policy ofYuri Dolgoruky by force, launching an invasion in 1134 under the leadership of Vsevolod Mstislavich which was defeated at Zhdanaya Mountain. In 1149, together with Svyatopolk Mstislavich, the Novgorodians ravaged the surroundings of Yaroslavl and left because of the spring flood leading seven thousand men into captivity. More often Novgorod had to appease the powerful prince of Vladimir, including by accepted two sons of Yuri as princes of Novgorod.[23]
In 1170, immediately after the capture of Kiev by the troops ofAndrei Bogolyubsky and his allies, they undertook a campaign against Novgorod, in whichRoman Mstislavich, the son of the prince expelled from Kiev, was located. The Novgorodians managed to win the defensive battle and defend their independence with the enemy suffering heavy losses.
From 1181 to 1209, with intervals of 1184–1187 and 1196–1197, the Vladimir–Suzdal dynasty was in power in Novgorod, from 1197 its rule was continuous.[28]
By the middle of 12th century the Novgorod officials appointedboyars from the city to collect and administer the territories it held in the north-east ("beyond the portage"). A charter from the 1130s mentioned 30 administrative posts in Novgorod territory where revenues were collected regularly and sent as a tithe to the Novgorod bishop. Throughout the 12th century, Novgorod utilized the Baltic-Volga-Caspian trade route, not only for trading but also for bringing food from the fertile Oka region to their city.[23]
In the early spring of 1209, the Toropets princeMstislav Mstislavich Udatny took Torzhok, capturing not only the local posadnik and several merchants, but also a group of noblemen of the Novgorod princeSvyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the youngest son of Vladimir princeVsevolod the Big Nest. After that, he sent a letter to Novgorod with the offer of help:
"I bow to Saint Sophia, and the tomb of my father, and all Novgorodians; I have come to you having heard about the violence from the prince, and I pity my patrimony."
Having learned about the capture of Torzhok,Vsevolod the Big Nest sent his eldest son Constantine against him. However, apparently Mstislav had the support within the city as Novgorodians arrested their current prince Svyatoslav (brother of Constantine) and expressed support for the new chosen one, confirming the right to "liberty in the princes." In this way, the safety of Mstislav was guaranteed, after which Constantine was forced to stop in Tver and his father who avoided military conflicts in his old age recognized Mstislav as the legitimate ruler of Novgorod.
When he came to Novgorod Mstislav did not have influential patrons or great wealth but he had proved himself as a capable military commander. The Novgorod Chronicle speaks of him in an extremely positive way: fair in court and punishment, a successful commander, attentive to the concerns of people, and noble and selfless.
In Novgorod, Mstislav showed decisiveness and initiative in internal affairs: he replaced the posadniks and the archbishop, launched active construction in the city and theposad, undertook the reconstruction of defensive structures on the southern approaches to his land: the fortress walls ofVelikiye Luki were reconstructed and the town was placed under control of Mstislav's brother Vladimir who resided in Pskov.
After that, Pskov became responsible for the southern (Polotsk, Lithuania) and western (Estonia, Latgale) borders of Novgorod Land and also controlled the border regions of Southern Estonia (Ugandi, Waiga and partlySakala) and Northern Latgale (Talava, Ochela). The lands of Northern Estonia (Vironia), Vody, Izhora and Karelia remained under the influence of Novgorod.
Thus, the administrative–political, defensive, and commercial significance of Pskov began to grow in the process of transforming the Baltic states from a backward pagan province into an important region for the Western European trade, church, and military expansion. This led to the nomination of a separate prince for Pskov during the reign of Mstislav in Novgorod.[28]
The information of control and influence in the land of Chudes is challenged byLivonian Chronicle of Henry. Overall rulers of Novgorod Republic and Principality of Pskov made frequent raids againstUgaunians in the 12th century but never succeeded to subjugate them. Fort Bear's Head was conquered in 1116 and 1193, Tarbatu in 1134 and 1192. However these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes. Ugaunians themselves made several raids against Pskov. It is noteworthy however that 1224 Tarbatu had garrison of local troops and about 200 mercenaries from Novgorod against Teutonic knights. City was captured by the crusaders in August 1224 and all its defenders were killed. The information about links ofVironia with Novgorod are more limited. The claim of them being under Novgorod were not verified as they fought against Novgorod, such as Novgorod raid of 1209 to Vironia, Teutonic crusaders and made diplomatic agreements independently. Their leader Thabelin (Tabellinus) was baptized by Germans inGotland island before crusaders reached present day Estonia and lands were claimed by Danish crown duringLivonian Crusade as perDanish Census Book.[citation needed]
Mstislav's fatherMstislav the Brave, who reigned in Novgorod for less than a year and was buried in Saint Sophia Cathedral (1180), was remembered for his victorious campaign against the Chud at the head of 20,000 troops in 1179. Therefore, Mstislav Udatny began his military campaigns with a similar operation.
At the end of 1209, he made a brief raid into Estonian Vironia, returning with rich booty, and in 1210 made a large campaign against the Chud, capturing theBear's Head. He took from the Chudes not only a tribute, but also a promise to be baptized into Orthodoxy. He first used Christianity as an additional measure to strengthen his power, which previously had been done only by the Catholics. However, the Orthodox priests were not as mobile as the Catholic ones, and the prince's initiative was not continued: instead priests from Riga came to the Estonians and thus the Bear's Head (Odenpe) later became one of the lands of theRiga bishopric.[citation needed] New border ofEast–West Schism was established, line running viaNarva river,Lake Peipus andPiusa river being the border betweenEastern Orthodoxy on eastern side andCatholic Church dominion on the western side. The divide has significant influence also on modern times as Piusa river is the border betweenVõros, more influenced byProtestantism on west andSetos, influenced byEastern Orthodoxy in the east.[citation needed]
Dissatisfied with the passivity of the church Mstislav achieved the removal from service of Archbishop Mitrofan in January 1211 and proposed to nominate Dobrynya Yadreikovich, a monk of the Khutynsky monastery and a member of an influential boyar clan. He became an archbishop under the name ofAnthony and was an ardent supporter of preaching and missionary work on the Russian frontiers.[28]
By 1210 the Germans started the conquest of Estonians and signed a peace treaty with Polotsk promising to pay the "Livonian" tribute. The relations betweenAlbert and Pskov - and by extension Novgorod - were strengthened by the marriage of the daughter of Pskov Prince Vladimir Mstislavich (Mstislav's brother) and Theodoricus, the younger brother of Bishop Albert. According to some historians the collaboration between Albert and Vladimir was tantamount to dividing Estonia between them.[29]
At the same time, recognizing the rights of Riga to the lands along the Daugava (possibly alsoKukenois andGerzike) improved the position of Novgorod and Pskov at the expense of Prince of Polotsk Vladimir who lost the support of his compatriots.[28]
In 1216, when the brother of Vladimir PrinceYaroslav organized an economic blockade of Novgorod, Novgorodians, with the help ofSmolensk princes, intervened in the power struggle between the Suzdal princes, as a result of which the Vladimir prince was overthrown. However, at the beginning of the 13th century, German Catholic orders (theOrder of the Swordsmen and theTeutonic Order) completed the subordination of the Baltic tribes, who had previously paid tribute to Novgorod andPolotsk, and reached the borders of the Russian lands themselves which set the stage for theconflict between Novgorod and the crusader orders in the first half of 13th century. Pskov and Novgorod for a successful fight against them began to need an ally, ready to provide military assistance if necessary. But help did not always come on time, both because of the remoteness of Vladimir from the northwestern borders of Russia, and because of disagreements between the Novgorod nobility and the princes of Vladimir. The more dangerous position of Pskov gave rise to disagreements between Pskov and Novgorod. The Pskovites demanded from Novgorodians and Vladimirites either decisive successes in the Baltic campaigns, or peace with the Order. Pskov often received princes expelled by the Novgorodians.
During theMongol invasion of Kievan Rus' the southern parts of Novgorod land were devastated; Volok Lamsky, Vologda, Bezhetsk, Torzhok were all captured by the invaders. Several versions have been proposed by historians to explain the Mongols' refusal to march on Novgorod after the capture of Torzhok on March 5: the upcoming spring thaw, lack of fodder and high losses in the struggle against the Ryazan and Vladimir principalities.[30][31] The destruction of the powerful principality of Vladimir by the Mongols removed the danger to Novgorod and its colonies and left it as an undisputed leader of Russian eastward expansion.[23]
On July 15, 1240,Alexander Yaroslavichdefeated the Swedes on the Neva and on April 5, 1242 he won theBattle on the Ice of the lake Peipus against the Livonian Order. In 1257–1259 he established his influence in Novgorod threatening it with a Mongol pogrom. In 1268, the Livonian order was again defeated in the fierceBattle of Rakovor.
In the beginning of the 14th century, princes ofTver andMoscow princes vied for the influence over Novgorod. TheGolden Horde supported Moscow in this struggle trying to prevent a noticeable advantage of one Russian prince over another and the Novgorod nobility sympathized with the Moscow princes as Moscow was farther than Tver and was thought to pose less danger. Thus the attempt ofMikhail of Tver to subjugate Novgorod by force was thwarted. The independence of Pskov was recognised by Novgorod in 1348 by theTreaty of Bolotovo. According to some primary sources, the Novgorodians participated in theBattle of Kulikovo in1380, however some historians question these accounts.[32]
In 1326, in Novgorod, Bishop Moses,Posadnik Olfromey andTysyatsky Ostafy signed atreaty with the ambassador of the King of Sweden and NorwayMagnus IV which defined the spheres of influence inLappland. Rather than setting a fixed border the treaty stipulated which part of the aboriginalSami people would pay tribute to Norway and which to Novgorod.[33]
Novgorod traded with Baltic cities for the most part of its history with the first known treaty withGotland and German cities dating to the late 12th century. After the Baltic cities formed theHansa a conflict between Novgorod and Hansa ensued. Novgorodians complained about the terms of the fur and salt trade and both sides arrested merchants and confiscated the goods belonging to the other side. The treaty of 1392, known as Niebur's Peace, resolved most of the issues and became the basis for the relationship between Novgorod and Hansa, in spite of several conflicts occurring in the 15th century.[34][35] The trade with Livonian cities was disrupted by the wars between Novgorod and the Livonian Order. The latter forbade selling horses to Novgorod in 1439 and 1440 and between 1443 and 1450 the Hansakontor was closed. The importance of trade with the Hansa diminished during the 15th century while the trade withNarva,Stockholm andVyborg was growing.[35]
The stone walls of theKremlin and numerous new churches were constructed in 14th century which is considered the golden age of Novgorod architecture. While chronicle-writing existed in Novgorod from the times of Kievan Rus, new genres ofliterature such as travelogues, novels andhagiographies appeared in 14-15th centuries. Novgorod started minting its ownnovgorodka coins in 1420[36] and in 1440 aJudicial Charter was issued which codified legal practices.
After 1330s Grand Duchies of Moscow andLithuania started to dominate the Russian lands and subsequently Novgorodians invited princes from both grand duchies. In 1449 Moscow concluded an Eternal Peace agreement with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania delimiting zones of influence in Russia. In the next few yearsVasily the Blind defeated his rivalDmitry Shemyaka and prevailed in theMuscovite Civil War. Dmitry Shemyaka died (possibly by poisoning) in Novgorod in 1453. Vasily the Blind attacked Novgorod in 1456 and after the Novgorodians' defeat in the battle of Staraya Russa they were forced to conclude theTreaty of Yazhelbitsy with Moscow, according to which the powers of the Moscow prince in Novgorod affairs were significantly expanded.
Novgorod signed a treaty withCasimir IV of Poland-Lithuania and invited him to rule as a prince. The treaty safeguarded the Orthodox church in Novgorod: theposadnik was to be Orthodox and the king was not allowed to build Catholic churches in the Novgorod Land. In spite of this,Ivan III launched his first campaign against Novgorod in 1471 alleging that they converted to Catholicism. After the Novgorodian army was defeated in theBattle of Shelon and the city was besieged, the peace treaty of Korostyn was signed according to which Novgorod acknowledged it as a patrimony of Ivan III, subjected its foreign policy to Moscow, accepted the Grand Prince as the ultimate judicial authority and lost some peripheral lands to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Novgorod Land was annexed completely in 1478 and the veche bell was removed to Moscow.[37]
Having conquered Novgorod in 1478, Moscow inherited its former political relations with its neighbors. The legacy of the independence period was the preservation of diplomatic practice, in which the northwestern neighbors of Novgorod –Sweden andLivonia – maintained diplomatic relations with Moscow through the Novgorod governors of the Grand Duke.
In territorial terms, Novgorod Land in the era of the Tsardom of Russia (16th–17th centuries) was divided into 5 fifths (pyatinas): Vodskaya, Shelonskaya, Obonezhskaya, Derevskaya and Bezhetskaya. The smallest units of the administrative division at that time werepogosts.
The lands confiscated from the previous owners were either declared state lands or given to Muscovitemilitary servicemen asmanors. The burden on peasants living on state lands significantly decreased compared to the republican period as the in-kind rents were replaced by money ones. On the other hand the rents paid by peasants living on servicemen's manors changed little and sometimes even increased. Two censuses were carried out in the Novgorod land in the end of 15th century after the incorporation of Novgorod Land into Muscovy which are the earliest surviving records of thepopulation of Russia. The population increased by 14% between the two censuses.[38]
On March 21, 1499, the son of Tsar Ivan IIIVasily was declared Grand Prince of Novgorod and Pskov. In April 1502 he was proclaimed the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir and the autocrat of All Russia and thus became the co–ruler of Ivan III. After the death of Ivan III on October 27, 1505 he became the sole monarch of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
In 1565, after TsarIvan the Terrible divided theRussian State intooprichnina andzemshchina, the city became part of the latter.[39][40] Huge damage toNovgorod was caused by theoprichnina pogrom, which was perpetrated in the winter of 1569/1570 by an army personally led by Ivan the Terrible. The reason for the pogrom was the denunciation and suspicions of treason (as modern historians suggest, the Novgorod conspiracy was invented by the favorites of Ivan the Terrible, Vasily Gryazny andMalyuta Skuratov). All cities on the road from Moscow to Novgorod were looted and Malyuta Skuratov personally strangled Metropolitan Philip in the Tver. The number of victims in Novgorod is estimated between 3,000 and 27,000, out of the total population of 35 thousand people. The pogrom lasted for six weeks and thousands of people were tortured and drowned in Volkhov. The city was plundered and the property of churches, monasteries and merchants was confiscated.
The population of Novgorod land at the turn of 16th century was estimated to be from 500 to 800 thousand and it was largely stable or slightly increased in the first half of the century. According to Turchin and Nefedov, Novgorod Land experienced overpopulation during this period leading to inferior soils brought into cultivation, increasing use of fertilisers, epidemics and declining per capita consumption. Novgorod Land was especially seriously affected by thecrisis of the late 16th century. Due to a severe epidemic hitting Novgorod in 1552, massacres by Ivan the Terrible, repeated crop failures and the increasing tax burden, the population decreased five times by the end of the century.[41][42]
In 1609 the government ofVasily Shuisky concluded the Vyborg Treaty withSweden, according to whichKorela was transferred to the Swedish crown in exchange for military assistance.
Ivan Odoevsky was appointed governor ofNovgorod in 1610. In the same year Tsar Vasily Shuisky was overthrown and Moscow swore allegiance to PrinceVladislav. In Moscow, a new government was formed, which began to swear in royal and other cities of the Russian state. Ivan Saltykov was sent to administer the oath to the Novgorodians[43] and to guard against the Swedes and from gangs of brigands.
In the summer of 1611, Swedish generalJacob De la Gardie with his army approached Novgorod. He entered into negotiations with the Novgorod authorities. He asked the governor whether they are enemies to the Swedes or friends and whether they want to comply with the Vyborg treaty concluded with Sweden under Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The governors could only answer that it depends on the future king and that they have no right to answer this question.
By that time an anti-Polish militia and provisional government were formed byProkopy Lyapunov and others. Lyapunov sent Vasily Buturlin as a governor to Novgorod. Buturlin, arriving in Novgorod, began to behave differently: immediately began negotiations with De la Gardie, offering the Russian crown to one of the sons of KingCharles IX. Negotiations began that dragged on, but meanwhile, Buturlin and Odoevsky got into a feud: Buturlin did not allow cautious Odoevsky to take measures to protect the city. Buturlin allowed De la Gardie to cross theVolkhov and approach the suburban Kolmovsky monastery under the pretext of negotiations, and even allowed Novgorod merchants to supply the Swedes with supplies.
The Swedes realized that it seemed to them a very convenient opportunity to seize Novgorod, and on July 8 they had an attack that was only repealed because the Novgorodians had time to burn the posads surrounding Novgorod. However, the Novgorodians did not last long in the siege: on the night of July 16, the Swedes managed to break into Novgorod. The resistance was weak, since all the military men were under the command of Buturlin, who retired from the city after a short battle and having robbing Novgorod merchants. Odoevsky and Metropolitan Isidore locked themselves in theKremlin but with no military supplies or men at their disposal they had to enter into negotiations with De la Gardie. An agreement was concluded under which Novgorodians recognized the Swedish king as their patron, and De la Gardie was admitted to the Kremlin.
By the middle of 1612 the Swedes occupied all of Novgorod Land, except forPskov andGdov. After an unsuccessful attempt to take Pskov the Swedes ceased hostilities.
PrincePozharsky did not have enough troops to fight simultaneously with the Poles and Swedes, so he began negotiations with the latter. In May 1612 Stepan Tatishchev, the ambassador of the Zemstvo government, was sent fromYaroslavl to Novgorod with letters to Metropolitan Isidor of Novgorod, Prince Ivan Odoyevsky, and Jacob De la Gardie, Commander of the Swedish Forces. The government asked Metropolitan Isidor and Boyar Odoevsky how they were doing with the Swedes? The government wrote to De la Gardie that if the king of Sweden gives his brother to the state and christens him in the Orthodox Christian faith, then they are glad to be on the same council with the Novgorodians. Odoevsky and De la Gardie replied that they would soon send their ambassadors to Yaroslavl. Returning to Yaroslavl, Tatishchev announced that there was nothing to be expected from the Swedes. Negotiations with the Swedes about Karl–Philippe's candidate for Moscow's kings became a reason for Pozharsky and Minin to convene theZemsky Sobor.[44] In July, the promised ambassadors arrived in Yaroslavl: thehegumen of theVyazhishchi Monastery Gennady, Prince Fyodor Obolensky, and out of all the pyatins, from the noblemen and from the townspeople – by person. On July 26, Novgorodians appeared before Pozharsky and stated that "the prince is now on the road and will soon be in Novgorod". The ambassadors' speech ended with the sentence "to be with us in love and unity under the hand of one sovereign."
Then from Yaroslavl to Novgorod a new embassy of Perfiliy Sekerin was sent. He was instructed, with the assistance of Novgorod Metropolitan Isidor, to conclude an agreement with the Swedes "so that the peasantry would be quiet and at peace." It is possible that in connection with this, the question of the election of the king of the Swedish royal, recognized by Novgorod, was raised in Yaroslavl. However, the royal election in Yaroslavl did not take place.
In October 1612, Moscow was liberated and it became necessary to choose a new sovereign. From Moscow to many cities of Russia, including Novgorod, letters were sent on behalf of the liberators of Moscow – Pozharsky and Trubetskoy. In the beginning of 1613Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow, at which a new Tsar,Mikhail Romanov, was elected.
On May 25, 1613, an uprising began against the Swedish garrison inTikhvin. The rebellious posad people recaptured the fortifications of the Tikhvin Monastery from the Swedes and withstood the siege in them until mid–September, forcing the De la Gardie troops to retreat. With a successful Tikhvin uprising, the struggle for the liberation of Northwest Russia and Novgorod began. The Swedes left Novgorod only in 1617 when only a few hundred inhabitants remained in a ruined city. The borders of Novgorod Land were significantly reduced due to the loss of lands bordering Sweden as agreed in theTreaty of Stolbovo of 1617.
Novgorod recovered from the destruction during the Time of Troubles and remained an important city in the rest of 17th century. The trade with Sweden continued to be carried out by Novgorod merchants and a Swedish trading post was opened in the city in 1627. Novgorod was one of the major centres of crafts of the Russia, with more than 200 distinct professions and a wide range of goods produced in the city. The walls and ramparts were restored and many new buildings were constructed in Novgorod, including the Cathedral ofOur Lady of the Sign, the stone bridge overVolkhov, trade rows andVoivode's court.[45] Elsewhere, the Resurrection Cathedral was built inStaraya Russa.
The Novgorod Land became one of the Old Believers' strongholds after theSchism.[46]
The importance of Novgorod decreased after the coast of Baltic Sea was reconquered by Peter I from Sweden and the new capital was founded there. In 1708, the Novgorod land became part of theIngermanland (from 1710 – Saint Petersburg) andArchangel Governorates, and in 1726 theNovgorod Governorate was created, in which there were 5 provinces: Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Belozerskaya and Velikolutskaya.
Administratively, by the end of theMiddle Ages it was divided intopyatins, which, in turn, from the second half of the 16th century were divided into halves. The five–fold division was superimposed on the earlier one – onvolosts,uyezds (prisuds),pogosts and stans, and, according to the annals, the foundations of this administrative division were laid in the 10th century byPrincess Olga, who established places of pogosts and the size of the tribute in Novgorod Land.
After the entry of Novgorod Land into the Russian state, the territorial division was preserved, and the territories from the end of the 15th century were called pyatins, before the Novgorod Land was divided into lands, and in the 12th century into ryads – bearing the same name with pyatins – Votskaya land, Obonezhsky and Bezhetsky ryad, Shelon, Dereva. In each pyatina there were severalprisuds (uyezds), in each prisud (uyezd) – several pogosts andvolosts.
Some territories of relatively late Novgorod colonization were not included in the five–fold division and formed a number of volosts that were in a special position: Zavolochye or Dvinskaya land – along theNorthern Dvina fromOnega toMezen. This volost was called so because it was located behind the portage – the watershed separating the Onega and Northern Dvina basins from the Volga basin and was located behind the Obonezhskaya and Bezhetskaya pyatins, where the portages to the Onega river (Poonezhie) began. Perm – in the basin of theVychegda River and the upperKama. Pechora – beyond the Dvina land and Perm to the north–east on both banks of thePechora River to the Ural Range. Ugra – on the eastern side of the Ural Range.[7] Tre orTersky Coast[47] – on the White Sea coast.
Pskov originally belonged to the Novgorod land, however its importance and autonomy grew in the late 13th and 14th centuries culminating in the recognition of the political independence of Pskov by theTreaty of Bolotovo in 1348.
The concept of "Novgorod Land" sometimes includes the area of Novgorod colonization in theNorthern Dvina, inKarelia[48] and theArctic.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) (cited viaTurchin, Peter; Nefedov, Sergey (2009).Secular cycles. Princeton University Press. pp. 243–244.ISBN 978-0-691-13696-7.)