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Nikolay Raevsky

In this name that followsEast Slavic naming customs, thepatronymic is Nikolayevich and thefamily name isRaevsky.

Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky orRayevsky (Russian:Николай Николаевич Раевский; September 25 [O.S. 14] 1771 — September 28 [O.S. 16] 1829)[1] was a Russian general and statesman who achieved fame for his feats of arms during theNapoleonic Wars. His family left a lasting legacy in Russian society and culture.

Portrait byGeorge Dawe, before 1825

Early life

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Nikolay Raevsky was born inSaint Petersburg.[2] He descended from theRayevsky noble family which has claimed remote Scandinavian andPolish–Lithuanian ancestry.[3] One ofPeter the Great's great grandmothers came from the Raevsky family.[4] Nikolay's grandfather, Semyon Raevsky, was the Prosecutor of theHoly Synod.

The family rose to prominence in Russia when Raevsky's father, Colonel Nikolay Semyonovich Raevsky, commander of the eliteIzmaylovsky Regiment, married Ekaterina Samoylova.[5] Ekaterina was alady-in-waiting and close friend of EmpressCatherine II, and a niece of the Empress’ influential favorite,Prince Potemkin.[5][6] Ekaterina's brother was the general and statesman, CountAlexander Samoylov.

Raevsky's father was killed in action in or aroundIaşi during theRusso-Turkish War of 1768–1774, several months before the birth of his son.[7] Not long after his father's death, the Empress arranged for Raevsky's mother to marry a wealthy landowner, Lev Davydov, who proved to be a generous stepfather.[8]

Raevsky was enrolled in theLeib-GuardSemyonovsky Regiment at a very early age. On 30 April 1777, he was promoted toSergeant and on 1 January 1786 toEnsign. On 23 February 1789 he was transferred to theNizhegorodskyDragoon Regiment with the rank of premier-major. With this regiment he took part in theRusso-Turkish War of 1787–1792 and distinguished himself atBendery andAkkerman. In recognition of his valor, Raevsky was promoted on 1 September 1790 toLieutenant Colonel and became the chief of aCossack regiment.

After the peace treaty was concluded, he took part in thePolish–Russian War of 1792 with the Nizhegorodsky Dragoon Regiment. For this campaign he received on 28 June 1792 theOrder of St. George of the 4th degree and the gold sword with an inscriptionfor bravery.

When thewar with Persia erupted in 1796, Raevsky, under command of CountValerian Zubov, took part in thetaking of Derbent and in other engagements.

Upon his ascension to the throne, EmperorPaul I recalled the army to Russia, and had Raevsky dismissed from the military because of his relationship to Prince Potemkin, whom Paul detested. After Paul's murder, andAlexander I's assumption of the throne, Raevsky rejoined the army and was promoted to the rank ofMajor General.[9]

Napoleonic Wars

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Raevsky leading his troops in battle, painting by Nikolay Samokish, 1912
 
The great monument on the Raevsky redoubt was dedicated byNicolas I in 1839

After Russia's failures at the outbreak of theNapoleonic wars, Raevsky returned into the field on 25 April 1807. He served with PrincePyotr Bagration in the vanguard of the Russian army. During the campaign of 1806–1807, Raevsky distinguished himself in numerous battles, and was awarded theOrder of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree. Raevsky, who had sustained a wound in theBattle of Heilsberg, commanded chasseurs of the advance guard in theBattle of Friedland.[10]

After theTreaty of Tilsit was concluded, Raevsky fought in theFinnish War, and was present at every major engagement. For this campaign, Raevsky received the Order of St. Vladimir of the 2nd degree and obtained the rank ofLieutenant General. After conclusion of the war with Finland, he followed CountNikolay Kamensky to theMoldavian army, which took part in theRusso-Turkish War, 1806–12,[11] takingSilistra.

DuringNapoleon's Invasion of Russia, Raevsky led the 7th Infantry Corps, a part of the 2nd Army led by Prince Pyotr Bagration.[12] In the advance guard, Raevsky was responsible for delayingDavout's advance towards Moscow. After theBattle of Saltanovka, he retreated toSmolensk, where he took part in thebattle for the city.[13] During theBattle of Borodino, he protected the right wing of the Russian Army, better known as the Raevsky Redoubt, winning the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree.[5][14] Later he pursuedLa Grande Armée and took part in theBattle of Maloyaroslavets andBattle of Krasnoi, in which he helped defeatMarshal Ney.[15][16]

Raevsky commanded aGrenadier Corps and protected the retreat of main forces during theBattle of Bautzen. After Austria andPrussia joined the Allies, Raevsky's corps joined theArmy of Bohemia commanded byKarl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg. He received the Order of St. Vladimir of the 1st degree for theBattle of Kulm. Near Wachau, he was seriously injured. For his feats of arms he was promoted to the rank of General (October 8, 1813) and received the AustrianMilitary Order of Maria Theresa of the 3rd degree. When the Russian army enteredSaxony, Raevsky was forced to return to Russia because of his poor health.

Having recovered from his illness, Raevsky rejoined the army during thebattle of Leipzig, commanding two grenadier corps. When at theRhine, he took over command fromPeter Wittgenstein and leading this army during thetaking of Paris.[17] After Napoleon's defeat, General Raevsky was given the honor of entering Paris at Alexander I's side on March 31st, 1814.[18]

Later years and family

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In 1794, Raevsky married Sofia Alexandrovna Konstantinova, the granddaughter and heiress of the scientistMikhail Lomonosov.[19] Sofia brought with her a substantialdowry, consisting of an estate atOranienbaum with over six thousand serfs.[19] The Raevskys had six children, two sons and four daughters. After the Napoleonic Wars ended, Raevsky settled with his family at Boltyshka, an estate left to him by his stepfather.[20] Boltyshka was a large estate near the banks of theDnieper River inKirovohrad Oblast,Ukraine; the land was fertile and there were over ten thousand serfs to cultivate it.[20]

In May 1821, during a visit to theCaucasus, Raevsky befriended a youngAlexander Pushkin and traveled with him to theCrimea.[5] Pushkin would form close friendships with Raevsky's sons, his sons-in-law, and his half-brother, Vasily Davydov – all members of theSouthern Society that helped plot theDecembrist Revolt of 1825.[21][22][23] The General's eldest son, Alexander, served as the model for theprotagonist of Pushkin's poemThe Demon.[24] While Raevsky's daughterMaria's youthful frolics inspired Pushkin to write some of the most famous lines in Russian literature ("Eugene Onegin", I-XXXIII).

Raevsky's favorite child,Maria, was wed at the age of nineteen toPrince Sergey Volkonsky, a wealthy, liberal aristocrat, who had fought alongside General Raevsky during the Napoleonic Wars.[25] Raevsky's eldest daughter, Ekaterina, married the wealthy young GeneralMikhail Fyodorovich Orlov, also a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars.[26]

Once interested in discussion of liberal reforms, western democracy, and the teachings of theEnlightenmentphilosophers, by 1825 Raevsky had abandoned his youthful idealism, rejecting the notion that Russia could be anything other than an absolute monarchy.[27] Both of Raevsky's sons and his son-in-law, Mikhail Orlov, withdrew from theSouthern Society long before the Decembrist Revolt occurred, and took no part in the uprising.[28] Raevsky's half-brother, Vasily Davydov, and Prince Volkonsky, remained in the Society.[22] They were arrested along with their fellowconspirators days after the uprising in December 1825, and were taken to Saint Petersburg. They were held for several months, interrogated, tried, and sentenced to hard labor and exile inSiberia.[29] Against her father's wishes, Maria fought for the right to accompany her husband toSiberia, and managed to personally persuade the Emperor to allow her to share Prince Volkonsky's exile.[30][31] The Volkonskys would remain in Siberia for more than thirty years. They were only allowed to return to European Russia after the death ofNicholas I, having received a pardon from his son,Alexander II.[32][33] Maria's courage, and that of the other Decembrist wives, was romanticized byNekrasov in the poem "Russian Women".[34]

Raevsky died at Boltyshka four years after the Decembrist Revolt, a broken and embittered man, of pneumonia contracted while travelling to petition the Emperor for leniency on his daughter's behalf.[35] As he lay dying, he is said to have looked at a portrait of his daughter Maria and whispered: "That is the most remarkable woman I have ever known in my life."[36]

Legacy

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Since 2014, the FSUE Rosmorport Azovo-Chernomorsky Basin Branch has been operating a tugboat named "General Rayevsky".[37]

 
Raevsky Battery at Borodino, a fragment ofRoubaud'spanoramic painting

References

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  1. ^Раевский Николай Николаевич,Great Soviet Encyclopedia(in Russian)
  2. ^Sutherland, 13
  3. ^According to family traditions, their ancestors left Denmark to settle inLivonia during the 14th century and, by the 16th century, had acquiredPolish nationality. They were granted theŁabędź coat of arms byKing Sigismund III, in the early 17th century. See: Sutherland, 12–13.
  4. ^Seeru:Нарышкина, Анна Леонтьевна.
  5. ^abcdMontefiore, Simon Sebag.Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin, p. 452 London: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001
  6. ^Roosevelt, Priscilla.Life on the Russian Country Estate, p. 182 New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
  7. ^Sutherland, 14
  8. ^Sutherland, 14, 16–17
  9. ^Sutherland, 17
  10. ^Sutherland, 19
  11. ^Sutherland, 20
  12. ^Seaton, Albert.The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars, p. 30. Osprey Publishing, 1979
  13. ^Brett-James, Antony.1812: Eyewitness Accounts of Napoleon's Defeat in Russia, pp. 81–82 London: Reader's Union, 1967
  14. ^Muir, Dr. Rory.Tactics and the Experience of Battle in the Age of Napoleon, p. 22 Yale University Press, 2000
  15. ^Schneid, Frederick C.Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805–1815, p. 104 Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002
  16. ^Horricks, Raymond.Marshal Ney: The Romance and the Real, pp. 123–126 London: Midas Books, 1982
  17. ^Davydoff, Alexander.Russian Sketches, p. 23 Tenafly, New Jersey: Hermitage, 1984
  18. ^Sutherland, 21
  19. ^abSutherland, 14–15
  20. ^abSutherland, 11, 16, 22–23
  21. ^Sutherland, 56–59
  22. ^abDavydoff, Alexander.Russian Sketches, pp. 14–16 Tenafly, New Jersey: Hermitage, 1984
  23. ^Roosevelt, Priscilla.Life on the Russian Country Estate, p. 304 New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
  24. ^Troyat, Henri.Pushkin, p. 158. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1970
  25. ^Sutherland, 19–20 & 78
  26. ^Sutherland, 61
  27. ^Sutherland, 19–20
  28. ^Sutherland, 72, 109
  29. ^Sutherland, 5 & 115–119
  30. ^Lednicki, Waclaw.Russia, Poland, and the West: Essays in Literary and Cultural History, p. 114 London: Hutchinson, 1954
  31. ^Sutherland, 119–123
  32. ^Davydoff, Alexander.Russian Sketches, pp. 15–16 Tenafly, New Jersey: Hermitage, 1984
  33. ^Sutherland, 311–315
  34. ^Heldt, Barbara.Terrible Perfection: Women and Russian Literature, p. 34. Indiana University Press, 1987
  35. ^Sutherland, 199–200
  36. ^Sutherland, 201
  37. ^Guerre patriotique de 1812 sur les campagnes de libération de l'armée russe de 1813–1814. Sources. Les monuments. Problèmes. Matériaux de la XXIIIe Conférence scientifique internationale, 3-5 septembre 2019. Borodino, 2020. // S. Yu. Rychkov. La mémoire historique des participants à la bataille de Borodino dans les noms des navires. PP.302-329.

Sources

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External links

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References

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  • Sutherland, Christine.The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983ISBN 0-7043-8162-1
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