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Ngardi language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Australian Aboriginal language

Not to be confused withWarlpiri language.

Ngardi
Ngarti
Native to	Australia
Region	Northern Territory andWestern Australia
Ethnicity	Ngardi
Native speakers	3 (2016 census)^[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Ngumbin? Wati? Ngardi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`rxd`
Glottolog	`ngar1288`
AIATSIS^[1]	`A121`
ELP	Ngardi
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Ngardi, also speltNgarti orNgardilj, is anAustralian Aboriginal language that is consideredmoribund. It was previously thought to be an alternative name for theBunara language, but these are now classified as separate languages. It was/is spoken by theNgardi people of theNorthern Territory and northernWestern Australia.

Classification

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Capell (1962) considered Ngardi,Warlpiri, andWarlmanpa to be dialects of a single language.R. M. W. Dixon (2002) grouped Ngardi together with Warlpiri and Warlmanpa in theYapa group, but admitted that this was based on limited data. McConvell and Laughren (2004) showed that it was inNgumbin, a closely related group, and this was followed in Honeyman (2005). However, Bowern (2011) listed it as a more distantWati language.^[2]

Tindale shows Ngardi as an alternative name for Bunara language, butLynette Oates andArthur Capell showed that Bunara was a separate language. The two languages have now been assigned separate code inAIATSIS'sAUSTLANG database.^[3]^[4]

Waringari

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Some old recordings and manuscripts refer toWaringari (orWaiangara) as a language related to Ngardi, but linguists have agreed that it is a geographical name and not the name of a language.^[5]Norman Tindale listed Waringari as a pejorative name for the Ngarti people,^[6] as well as for theYeidji,^[7] theWorla^[8] and theWarlpiri, suggesting that they werecannibals.^[9]

Phonology

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Vowels

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	Front	Back
High	i	u
Low	a

Consonants

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	Peripheral		Laminal	Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Stop	p	k	c	t	ʈ
Nasal	m	ŋ	ɲ	n	ɳ
Lateral			ʎ	l	ɭ
Rhotic				r	ɻ
Semivowel	w		j

References

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^^a ^bA121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^Bowern, Claire. 2011"How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?",Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, 23 December 2011 (corrected 6 February 2012)
^A121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^A69 Bunara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^A63 Waringari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
^Tindale 1974, p. 234.
^Tindale 1974, p. 243.
^Tindale 1974, p. 255.
^Tindale 1974, p. 237.

Sources

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Capell, A. (1962).Some linguistic types in Australia. Sydney: Oceania Publications.
Dixon, R. M. W. (2002).Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Honeyman, Tom (2005).Topic and Focus in Ngardi. thesis. University of Sydney.
McConvell and Laughren (2004) "The Ngumpin-Yapa subgroup". In Claire Bowern & Harold Koch,Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974)."Ngardi (NT)".Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names.Australian National University Press.ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

North	Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Alngith Linnithigh Mpakwithi Ndra'ngith Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mpalitjanh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ndwa'ngith Ngkoth Unjadi Uradhi Atampaya Yinwum Wudhadhi Yadhaykenu Angkamuthi
Northeast	Umpila
Wik	Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom
Lamalamic	Lamalama Morrobolam
Yalanjic	Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Kuku Nyungkal Guugu Yimidhirr
Southwest	Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront
Norman	Kurtjar Kuthant
Thaypan	Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan
Southern	Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama Wamin
Other	Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru
Maric	Badjiri Bidjara Biri Kingkel Bayali Darumbal Warrongo
Waka–Kabic	Barunggam Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Tulua Wakawaka Wuliwuli
Durubalic	Guwar–Pimpama Janday Nunukul Turrbal
Gumbaynggiric	Kumbainggar Yaygir
Wiradhuric	Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri
Yuin–Kuric	Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Ngarigo Ngunnawal–Gundungurra Tharawal Dharawal Dhurga Dyirringany Thawa Yugambal? Marbal Worimi Awabakal Gathang
Gippsland	Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Bidhawal Pallanganmiddang
Yugambeh–Bandjalang	Waalubal Yugambeh Githabul Bundjalung
Other	Anewan Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny Bigambal Guyambal Lower Burdekin Bindal

Southern Pama–Nyungan

Yotayotic

Kulinic

Kolakngat

Kulin	Bunurong Dja Dja Wurrung Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Wadi-Wadi Wathaurong Wemba Wemba Woiwurrung–Taungurung Yaran
Drual	Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot

Kartu	Badimaya Malgana Thaagurda Nhanda–Nhanhagardi Wajarri Yinggarda
Kanyara–Mantharta	Kanyara Burduna–Baiyungu Thalanyji–Pinikura Mantharta Tharrgari Warriyangka Thiin Jiwarli
Ngayarta	Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka
Marrngu	Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

Ngumpin–Yapa	Ngarrga Warlmanpa Warlpiri Ngumpin Walmajarri Djaru Gurindji Bilinarra Mudburra
Warumungu	Warumungu
Warluwaric	Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa
Kalkatungic	Kalkatungu Yalarnnga
Mayi	Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun
Yolŋu	Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu

Central Pama–Nyungan

Wati	Ngardi Wanman Western Desert
Arandic	Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte Pertame
Karnic	Arabana Diyari Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha
Other	Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Barranbinja Yarli

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

Macro-Gunwinyguan

Maningrida	Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara
Mangarrayi-Marran	Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul
Gunwinyguan	Anindilyakwa Dalabon Gunbarlang Jawoyn Kunwinjku Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu Rembarrnga Uwinymil Waray
Other	Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman